摘要：大力發展和推廣(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)是國家發展新能(neng)源(yuan)、清潔能(neng)源(yuan)以應對(dui)日益突出的燃油(you)供(gong)(gong)求矛盾和環(huan)境污染問題，加(jia)大生態環(huan)境保護治理力度的措施之一，由此加(jia)速了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的發展速度，現今(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)已走進(jin)千家萬戶，與(yu)之配套使用的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)也隨之普及，交流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)是采用傳(chuan)導充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)為具(ju)有(you)車(che)載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的裝(zhuang)置，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的供(gong)(gong)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設計是確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)全(quan)，及排除消防安(an)全(quan)隱患(huan)的有(you)力保障。基于(yu)此，本文對(dui)新能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)選型與(yu)安(an)裝(zhuang)進(jin)行研(yan)究，以供(gong)(gong)參(can)考。

關鍵詞：新能源；電動汽車；充電樁；選(xuan)型(xing)；安(an)裝

0引言

汽車(che)在(zai)便(bian)捷人們生(sheng)活(huo)方(fang)面有著(zhu)重要(yao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用，但(dan)是汽車(che)的(de)(de)大量(liang)使(shi)用一方(fang)面造(zao)成(cheng)了城市交通(tong)擁堵(du)，另(ling)一方(fang)面對環境產生(sheng)了污染(ran)。就經濟可持(chi)續(xu)發展來看，汽車(che)污染(ran)問題(ti)要(yao)要(yao)得(de)到解(jie)決，所以(yi)(yi)在(zai)現階段，新(xin)能(neng)源汽車(che)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)發在(zai)持(chi)續(xu)性深入(ru)。電動汽車(che)相比于傳統燃油汽車(che)，能(neng)源利用更(geng)加的(de)(de)清潔，只是在(zai)使(shi)用的(de)(de)過程中會發生(sheng)蓄能(neng)問題(ti)。所以(yi)(yi)在(zai)當前(qian)的(de)(de)電動汽車(che)實際研(yan)(yan)究中，續(xu)航問題(ti)成(cheng)為了研(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)。

1充電樁配建標準及發展趨勢

國家發行的(de)(de)(de)(de)[2015]73號文件明確(que)了充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本原則(ze)：“統(tong)籌規劃、科學布局；適(shi)度超前、有序建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)；統(tong)一標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)、通(tong)用(yong)開(kai)放；依托(tuo)市場(chang)、創新(xin)(xin)機制(zhi)"，原則(ze)上，新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)住宅(zhai)配建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)停(ting)車(che)(che)位(wei)應(ying)100%建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)或預留建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)安(an)裝條件，大(da)型公(gong)(gong)(gong)共建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物配建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)停(ting)車(che)(che)場(chang)、社會(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共停(ting)車(che)(che)場(chang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)或預留建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)安(an)裝條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)位(wei)比例(li)(li)不低于10%，每2000輛(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)至少配套(tao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)一座公(gong)(gong)(gong)共充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。湖(hu)北(bei)省為(wei)了支(zhi)持(chi)開(kai)發新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)，將新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)地(di)納入(ru)土(tu)地(di)綜合利(li)用(yong)總(zong)體計(ji)劃和年(nian)度土(tu)地(di)利(li)用(yong)計(ji)劃中，制(zhi)定了一系(xi)列(lie)支(zhi)持(chi)政(zheng)策，包括根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)項目建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)地(di)提(ti)供擔保和優(you)惠。武(wu)漢還要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)規劃和配置新(xin)(xin)住宅(zhai)和公(gong)(gong)(gong)共大(da)型停(ting)車(che)(che)場(chang)占20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)。其他部(bu)分地(di)方也相應(ying)地(di)陸續引進(jin)附帶(dai)措施(shi)(shi)，要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)對(dui)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)住宅(zhai)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)提(ti)出要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。湖(hu)北(bei)省發表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“湖(hu)北(bei)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)發"表(biao)示(shi)，將加快電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。堅持(chi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯網(wang)發展概念(nian)作為(wei)滿(man)(man)足城市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起點，采用(yong)智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)技術，構建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)交互(hu)式服務平臺(tai)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)410個(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)約19萬個(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)。擴大(da)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)支(zhi)持(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)和改造(zao)，確(que)保充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)無障礙，確(que)保供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)順利(li)，滿(man)(man)足充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)運(yun)營要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。

2電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的充電(dian)方式和建(jian)設充電(dian)監控系統的必(bi)要性分析(xi)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)在(zai)目前的(de)社會中(zhong)得到了(le)(le)廣泛的(de)利用(yong)，但是(shi)續航(hang)問(wen)題與(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題一直困(kun)擾著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展。現(xian)階段(duan)，不少(shao)企(qi)業提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)利用(yong)智(zhi)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)來解(jie)決(jue)續航(hang)問(wen)題，但是(shi)在(zai)具(ju)體(ti)推出(chu)(chu)(chu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)之后(hou)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)整體(ti)性管(guan)理成(cheng)本較高，而且在(zai)使用(yong)中(zhong)容(rong)易(yi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)安全(quan)(quan)事故。出(chu)(chu)(chu)于對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)安全(quan)(quan)問(wen)題的(de)考慮，也(ye)重視了(le)(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)運營管(guan)理成(cheng)本問(wen)題，做智(zhi)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)建設，并(bing)在(zai)智(zhi)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)設計的(de)時(shi)候強化監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)系統的(de)構建，這樣(yang)，監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)系統實(shi)現(xian)對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)本身和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)監(jian)(jian)測與(yu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，這不僅為汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)提(ti)供了(le)(le)保證，對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)管(guan)理提(ti)升也(ye)有(you)意義(yi)。簡而言之，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法和建設充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)系統的(de)必要性顯著(zhu)。

3電動汽車充電樁分類

3.1直流充電樁

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)更適(shi)用于(yu)出租車(che)(che)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)巴、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動轎(jiao)車(che)(che)、混合動力(li)公交車(che)(che)等大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，功率較大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，在(zai)(zai)建(jian)設過程中需注重對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)保(bao)護，一般建(jian)設在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型停車(che)(che)場。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源為(wei)三相四線380VAC±10%，頻率為(wei)50Hz±5%。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)具有快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)能力(li)，即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)0.2C。根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量C，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)(zai)0.1C-0.2C之(zhi)間時，稱為(wei)慢速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)0.2C，小于(yu)0.8C則是(shi)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。而當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)0.8C時，稱之(zhi)為(wei)很(hen)高速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，需對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池狀(zhuang)態(tai)監控，可根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)溫度、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行(xing)自動調(diao)整，具備報警與(yu)保(bao)護功能。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)是(shi)采(cai)用傳導(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)直(zhi)(zhi)接充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)方(fang)(fang)式，具有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度快(kuai)的(de)優(you)點。

3.2交流樁

交流充(chong)(chong)電樁是給(gei)帶有車(che)載充(chong)(chong)電機的電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)提供(gong)電源，不調節輸出，由于電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)車(che)載充(chong)(chong)電機的功(gong)率一般都(dou)比較(jiao)小，所以(yi)交流充(chong)(chong)電樁無法實現快速充(chong)(chong)電。

3.3交直流一體(ti)充電樁

交直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)一體(ti)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)同時(shi)具備交流(liu)(liu)及直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)功能，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)白天業務量(liang)多時(shi)選擇直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)快速充電(dian)，在(zai)(zai)夜晚業務少時(shi)選擇交流(liu)(liu)進行慢(man)速充電(dian)。需(xu)具備為蓄電(dian)池系統安全、自動充滿(man)電(dian)的(de)功能，減(jian)少在(zai)(zai)充電(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)對(dui)電(dian)池的(de)傷害。充電(dian)模(mo)式可(ke)(ke)以(yi)分為定時(shi)、定量(liang)和智能三(san)種模(mo)式。為確保(bao)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)安全可(ke)(ke)靠運行，需(xu)設置漏電(dian)、短路、過流(liu)(liu)等保(bao)護(hu)功能。交直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)一體(ti)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)更為智能化。

4充電樁的安裝注意事項

（1）要保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全距(ju)離。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)在汽車(che)(che)(che)側面(mian)，且門未(wei)打開(kai)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)外部輪(lun)(lun)廓（包括防撞(zhuang)設(she)施）在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)頭(tou)部不(bu)能小于(yu)0.4米(mi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)在車(che)(che)(che)尾時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)外部輪(lun)(lun)廓（包括防撞(zhuang)設(she)施）在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)頭(tou)部要小于(yu)0.5米(mi)。（2）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)要保(bao)留維(wei)護(hu)和運營空間，維(wei)護(hu)工作平面(mian)與建筑(zhu)(zhu)物（結構）建筑(zhu)(zhu)物之(zhi)間的(de)(de)距(ju)離要小于(yu)0.8米(mi)。（3）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)在采(cai)用落地(di)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)方(fang)式時要滿(man)足(zu)以(yi)下要求(qiu)：①充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)基礎(chu)要提高(gao)，高(gao)出地(di)面(mian)50mm至100mm，室(shi)外應(ying)(ying)高(gao)出充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站地(di)坪200mm及以(yi)上。②基座要大于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)長(chang)寬外輪(lun)(lun)廓，大小要大于(yu)50mm以(yi)上。（4）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)采(cai)用壁(bi)掛安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)方(fang)式時滿(man)足(zu)以(yi)下要求(qiu)：①應(ying)(ying)垂(chui)直于(yu)地(di)平面(mian)的(de)(de)墻(qiang)壁(bi)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)，墻(qiang)面(mian)符合承載要求(qiu)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)要確(que)保(bao)緊固到(dao)位。②設(she)備(bei)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)高(gao)度應(ying)(ying)易于(yu)操作，設(she)備(bei)人(ren)機接口(kou)操作區(qu)水平線(xian)應(ying)(ying)距(ju)地(di)面(mian)1.5米(mi)。

5電動汽車充電樁的運營管(guan)理

5.1建立一體化服務網絡

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)應建(jian)立一體化服務網絡(luo)，為車(che)(che)主(zhu)、新能源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)企業、相關部門提(ti)供信息資源(yuan)綜合性的(de)服務。可以各城市為單位(wei)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)運營（監管）為主(zhu)控，由充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)（站）的(de)基礎信息數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)與運營數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)等組成應用網絡(luo)。建(jian)立智(zhi)能化數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫(ku)，應設(she)置實時數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫(ku)和歷史數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫(ku)，智(zhi)能系統中包含的(de)實體主(zhu)要有電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)、用戶(hu)、賬戶(hu)。

5.2履職盡責(ze)，增強業主(zhu)（車主(zhu)）安全意(yi)識(shi)

電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁管(guan)理工作(zuo)中重要(yao)的(de)是(shi)提高(gao)業(ye)主(zhu)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)觀(guan)念，增(zeng)加應對事故的(de)方法(fa)。作(zuo)為房地(di)產服務業(ye)，應該開展以(yi)下(xia)幾項工作(zuo)：一是(shi)通(tong)過組(zu)織使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用者觀(guan)看安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)教(jiao)育視頻(pin)、照片、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用過程安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)知識資料、微(wei)信分享案例(li)等形式進(jin)行宣傳教(jiao)育，與(yu)主(zhu)要(yao)節日一起在社區開展社區活(huo)動，提高(gao)對新能源(yuan)汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用重要(yao)性的(de)認識，以(yi)及讓使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用者了解(jie)和(he)掌握(wo)新能源(yuan)汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用常識。二是(shi)實(shi)行安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用責任制。房地(di)產服務企業(ye)通(tong)過簽署業(ye)主(zhu)和(he)新能源(yuan)汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備責任單位的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用協議，可以(yi)更加明確地(di)規范充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)責任和(he)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用要(yao)求(qiu)，加強(qiang)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用者的(de)責任感，加強(qiang)實(shi)施新能源(yuan)汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用規則(ze)和(he)制度。

5.3智能充電樁的性(xing)能測試

智(zhi)能充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)運行對(dui)(dui)于解決電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車充(chong)電(dian)問題而(er)言(yan)有重要的(de)作用(yong)，對(dui)(dui)某城市15個智(zhi)能充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)利(li)用(yong)做(zuo)(zuo)定點監控和分析發現(xian)(xian)(xian)其在性能方面(mian)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)出了兩(liang)大(da)優勢：一是(shi)(shi)智(zhi)能充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)利(li)用(yong)更加的(de)便捷，而(er)且整個充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程智(zhi)能。用(yong)戶僅僅需要做(zuo)(zuo)身份的(de)認證(zheng)，充(chong)電(dian)便能夠實現(xian)(xian)(xian)自動(dong)(dong)化，這對(dui)(dui)于電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)續航(hang)問題解決有重要的(de)意義。二(er)是(shi)(shi)智(zhi)能充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)利(li)用(yong)安全性十分的(de)顯著。

6安科瑞充電樁收費運營(ying)云平臺

6.1概述

AcrelCloud-9000安科瑞充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)柱收費(fei)運營云(yun)(yun)平臺系統(tong)通(tong)(tong)過物聯網(wang)技術對(dui)接入系統(tong)的電(dian)(dian)動電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站以及各(ge)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)整法行(xing)不間(jian)斷(duan)地(di)數據采集和監控，實時監控充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁運行(xing)狀態，進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)服務、支付管理，交易結算，資要(yao)管理、電(dian)(dian)能管理，明(ming)細查詢等(deng)(deng)。同時對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機過溫保護(hu)、漏電(dian)(dian)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機輸入/輸出過壓，欠壓，絕緣(yuan)低各(ge)類故障進(jin)行(xing)預(yu)警；充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁支持以太網(wang)、4G或WIFI等(deng)(deng)方式接入互聯網(wang)，用戶通(tong)(tong)過微信、支付寶，云(yun)(yun)閃付掃碼充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

6.2應用場所

適用于民用建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)、一般工業(ye)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)、居(ju)住小區(qu)、實業(ye)單位、商(shang)業(ye)綜合體(ti)、學(xue)校、園區(qu)等充電樁(zhuang)模式(shi)的充電基礎設施設計。

6.3系統結構

6.3.1系(xi)統(tong)分為四(si)層：

1）即(ji)數(shu)(shu)據采集層(ceng)、網絡傳輸(shu)層(ceng)、數(shu)(shu)據中心層(ceng)和客戶端(duan)層(ceng)。

2）數(shu)據采集層(ceng)：包括電(dian)瓶車(che)(che)智能充電(dian)樁通訊協議為標準(zhun)modbus-rtu。電(dian)瓶車(che)(che)智能充電(dian)樁用于采集充電(dian)回(hui)路(lu)的電(dian)力參(can)數(shu)，并進行電(dian)能計(ji)量和(he)保護(hu)。

3）網(wang)絡傳輸層：通(tong)過4G網(wang)絡將數(shu)據上傳至搭建好的(de)數(shu)據庫(ku)服務器。

4）數據(ju)中(zhong)心層：包含應用服(fu)務器(qi)和數據(ju)服(fu)務器(qi)，應用服(fu)務器(qi)部署數據(ju)采集(ji)服(fu)務、WEB網站，數據(ju)服(fu)務器(qi)部署實(shi)時(shi)數據(ju)庫(ku)、歷(li)史(shi)數據(ju)庫(ku)、基礎數據(ju)庫(ku)。

5）應客戶端層：系統管理員可在瀏(liu)覽器中訪問電瓶車(che)充(chong)電樁收費平臺(tai)。終端充(chong)電用戶通過(guo)刷卡掃碼的方(fang)式(shi)啟動充(chong)電。

小區(qu)充(chong)電(dian)平臺功(gong)能主要(yao)涵蓋充(chong)電(dian)設施智能化大屏、實(shi)時(shi)監控、交易管理、故障管理、統計分析(xi)、基礎數據管理等功(gong)能，同時(shi)為運維人(ren)員(yuan)提(ti)供運維APP，充(chong)電(dian)用(yong)戶提(ti)供充(chong)電(dian)小程序。

6.4安(an)科瑞充電樁云(yun)平(ping)臺(tai)系統功(gong)能

6.4.1智(zhi)能化大屏

智能(neng)化(hua)大(da)屏展示站點(dian)(dian)分布情(qing)況，對設備狀(zhuang)態、設備使用率(lv)、充(chong)電(dian)次數、充(chong)電(dian)時長、充(chong)電(dian)金額、充(chong)電(dian)度(du)數、充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)故障等進行統計顯示，同時可查(cha)看每個站點(dian)(dian)的站點(dian)(dian)信息(xi)、充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)列表、充(chong)電(dian)記錄、收益、能(neng)耗、故障記錄等。統一(yi)管理(li)(li)小區充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，查(cha)看設備使用率(lv)，合理(li)(li)分配資源。

6.4.2.實時監(jian)控

實時監(jian)視充電(dian)(dian)設施運(yun)(yun)行狀(zhuang)況，主要包括充電(dian)(dian)樁運(yun)(yun)行狀(zhuang)態、回路狀(zhuang)態、充電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)的充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)量、充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓/電(dian)(dian)流，充電(dian)(dian)樁告警信息等。

6.4.3交易管理

平臺管(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)可(ke)管(guan)理(li)充電用戶(hu)賬戶(hu)，對其進行賬戶(hu)進行充值、退(tui)款(kuan)、凍結、注銷等操作，可(ke)查(cha)看(kan)小區(qu)用戶(hu)每日的充電交易詳細信息。

6.4.4故障管理

設備自動上報故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)信(xin)息(xi)，平臺管理人(ren)員可(ke)通過平臺查看(kan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)信(xin)息(xi)并(bing)進行派發處理，同(tong)時運(yun)維人(ren)員可(ke)通過運(yun)維APP收取故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)推送，運(yun)維人(ren)員在運(yun)維工作(zuo)完(wan)成后將結果上報。充(chong)電用(yong)戶也(ye)可(ke)通過充(chong)電小(xiao)程序反饋現場問題(ti)。

6.4.5統計分析

通過系統平臺，從充電站點、充電設施、、充電時間、充電方(fang)式等(deng)不(bu)同(tong)角度(du)，查詢充電交(jiao)易統計(ji)信息(xi)、能耗統計(ji)信息(xi)等(deng)。

6.4.6基礎數據管理

在系統平臺建立運營商戶，運營商可建立和管理其運營所需站點和充電設施，維護充電設施信息、價格策略、折扣、優惠活動，同時可管理在線卡用戶充值、凍結和解綁。

6.4.7運維APP

面向運(yun)維人(ren)員(yuan)使用(yong)，可以對(dui)站點(dian)和充電樁進(jin)行(xing)管理、能夠進(jin)行(xing)故障閉(bi)環處理、查詢流(liu)量(liang)卡(ka)使用(yong)情況、查詢充電\充值情況，進(jin)行(xing)遠(yuan)程參數設置，同(tong)時可接收故障推送(song)。

6.4.8充(chong)電小(xiao)程序

面向(xiang)充電用戶使用，可查(cha)看附近空閑設備，主要包含掃碼充電、賬戶充值(zhi)，充電卡綁定、交易查(cha)詢、故(gu)障(zhang)申(shen)訴等功(gong)能。

6.5系統硬件配置

7結語

近年來，新(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車迅速發展(zhan)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)不僅存在“沒有對外開(kai)放(fang)"，“不兼容電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)"，“使用成(cheng)本高"等問題(ti)，影響(xiang)了新(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的用戶體驗，急(ji)需加快建設(she)(she)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)，這是時(shi)代發展(zhan)的必(bi)要性。

參考文獻

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