摘要：隨著近些(xie)年我國(guo)對節能降耗關注力度的(de)(de)持(chi)續加(jia)大(da)，為滿(man)足(zu)人們不(bu)斷增長(chang)的(de)(de)電(dian)能需求，光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)產(chan)業(ye)得到迅猛發(fa)展，其中分(fen)布(bu)式光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)比重持(chi)續增長(chang)。在打贏脫貧攻堅(jian)戰的(de)(de)大(da)背景下，國(guo)家電(dian)網公司探索(suo)出一條“陽光(guang)(guang)扶(fu)(fu)貧"的(de)(de)扶(fu)(fu)貧道路。在這一背景下，結合(he)電(dian)網企業(ye)在實際光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)扶(fu)(fu)貧工作中的(de)(de)經(jing)驗，對分(fen)布(bu)式光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)站的(de)(de)服務與運(yun)維管(guan)理進行了詳細的(de)(de)闡述與探討(tao)，以期(qi)更加(jia)有效地開展光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)扶(fu)(fu)貧工作。

關鍵詞：光伏(fu)扶貧；分(fen)布(bu)式光伏(fu)電(dian)站；服務與管(guan)理

0背景

受國(guo)家激(ji)勵(li)政(zheng)策(ce)調控和(he)光伏(fu)產業鏈成本持續下降(jiang)影響，全(quan)國(guo)光伏(fu)發電呈現出井噴爆發式(shi)發展，如何做(zuo)好光伏(fu)電站前期并(bing)網的服(fu)務工(gong)(gong)作和(he)后期運行過程中的維(wei)護(hu)管理工(gong)(gong)作，是(shi)(shi)國(guo)家電網公(gong)司保證“陽光扶貧"政(zheng)策(ce)有(you)效落地(di)的工(gong)(gong)作，更是(shi)(shi)保障光伏(fu)用戶補(bu)貼收(shou)益和(he)光伏(fu)電站長期安全(quan)穩定運行的關(guan)鍵所(suo)在(zai)。

1分布式光伏(fu)電(dian)站的(de)現狀

近年來，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)得到國家的大(da)力支(zhi)持。為助力打贏(ying)脫貧攻(gong)堅戰，國家電網(wang)公司(si)實(shi)施“陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)扶貧行(xing)動"，更加助推了分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)的普(pu)及與(yu)推廣。根據(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)國光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)行(xing)業協會(hui)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)顯示，2018年我國光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)新增裝機(ji)容(rong)量超過43GW，其(qi)中(zhong)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)約20GW，占比(bi)接近50%。據(ju)(ju)(ju)統計，安徽東至(zhi)縣供電公司(si)2018年組織并網(wang)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)108戶，累計并網(wang)容(rong)量達6380kW，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)正(zheng)處于發展高峰期。

2分布式光伏電站存在問(wen)題(ti)

隨著分布式(shi)光(guang)伏電(dian)站的(de)井噴式(shi)增長，其所(suo)存在的(de)問題(ti)也(ye)日益凸顯，結合分布式(shi)光(guang)伏電(dian)站推廣與運維過程中的(de)實際情況，其問題(ti)主要體現(xian)以下(xia)兩個方面。

（1）前端服(fu)務不到位。對于多數農(nong)村(cun)家庭來講(jiang)，分布式光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站依然(ran)屬于新興(xing)事物，部(bu)分農(nong)民根(gen)本(ben)不知(zhi)道(dao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏扶(fu)貧是做(zuo)什么的，不了解光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏扶(fu)貧的相關政策。因此，在光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站前期推廣過程(cheng)中(zhong)，從光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)的政策和電(dian)(dian)價、補貼，到光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站的選址與(yu)建(jian)設(she)，都需要供電(dian)(dian)企業及有(you)關部(bu)門提供更(geng)加積(ji)極主(zhu)動和專(zhuan)業的服(fu)務，保(bao)障光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站的順利建(jian)設(she)并網和補貼效(xiao)益及時到位。

（2）后期(qi)運維管(guan)理(li)不(bu)完善。分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)一般規(gui)模(mo)較小、分(fen)布廣、數量多，而且光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)之間又相(xiang)對獨立，不(bu)利于光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)集中式(shi)(shi)運維管(guan)理(li)。其中村(cun)級光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)作為扶貧(pin)的(de)(de)(de)主要模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，分(fen)布在各個(ge)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)是由(you)村(cun)集體(ti)自己(ji)維護(hu)還是由(you)建(jian)設(she)它的(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)負責維護(hu)一直(zhi)以來沒(mei)有定論。從某種意(yi)義(yi)上說(shuo)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)扶貧(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)后期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)運營維護(hu)比建(jian)設(she)更為重要。部分(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)因為建(jian)成投入(ru)使用后處于缺(que)乏專(zhuan)業(ye)人員(yuan)監管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)狀態，越(yue)來越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)面(mian)臨運維難(nan)題，如設(she)計缺(que)陷(xian)、設(she)備質(zhi)量缺(que)陷(xian)、施工不(bu)規(gui)范(fan)等問題都給光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)運維管(guan)理(li)帶來嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)挑戰，導致(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率大幅下(xia)降，影響光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)用戶的(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)益。因此，要做(zuo)好光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)運行管(guan)理(li)，特別要重視維護(hu)管(guan)理(li)，以推進光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)更好發展。

3提升優質服務

（1）靠前(qian)服務，做好宣(xuan)(xuan)傳。積極主動向(xiang)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)政策(ce)，供(gong)電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)安(an)排相關(guan)人(ren)員定期進行(xing)走(zou)村(cun)訪戶(hu)(hu)，及(ji)時(shi)掌握客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)傾向(xiang)和需求。供(gong)電(dian)(dian)營業(ye)廳擺放光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳冊，保證客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)及(ji)時(shi)了解光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)政策(ce)。通過(guo)各項(xiang)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳活(huo)動以(yi)消除(chu)廣大用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)對(dui)分(fen)布式光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)政策(ce)的顧慮，也可以(yi)消除(chu)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)對(dui)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站安(an)裝在自家屋頂(ding)或者(zhe)村(cun)里空地(di)上的安(an)全疑慮，還可以(yi)讓(rang)廣大貧困戶(hu)(hu)了解光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)的相關(guan)知識(shi)，幫助他們(men)安(an)全用(yong)電(dian)(dian)。

（2）加(jia)強(qiang)內外部溝通聯系。供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)企業加(jia)強(qiang)與項目建(jian)設(she)方(fang)、施工單(dan)位(wei)聯系，根據年度光(guang)伏電(dian)站建(jian)設(she)規(gui)劃，結合供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)公司線路設(she)備狀況，在電(dian)站選址時(shi)(shi)，提出合理(li)化建(jian)議，要求(qiu)項目單(dan)位(wei)盡(jin)量在建(jian)議臺(tai)區(qu)范圍(wei)內選址，對因受林業、國土等(deng)條件(jian)限(xian)制，需在建(jian)議臺(tai)區(qu)范圍(wei)外選址的，供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)企業及時(shi)(shi)調整計劃，提前做好配套(tao)電(dian)網的建(jian)設(she)和(he)改造，同時(shi)(shi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)區(qu)域內客戶經理(li)全(quan)程跟蹤(zong)、協調光(guang)伏電(dian)站項目并網，縮短(duan)光(guang)伏項目從策劃到獲(huo)得收益的周期，節約時(shi)(shi)間和(he)成本。

（3）快(kuai)捷高效、讓(rang)用戶(hu)及時受益。供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業在(zai)與村(cun)集體溝通協調安裝(zhuang)光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，同步就發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用戶(hu)結算(suan)周期達成一(yi)致，告知結算(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)審核確(que)認(ren)流程(cheng)，讓(rang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用戶(hu)知根(gen)知底。與當地稅務部(bu)門及銀行(xing)達成協議(yi)與共識，以加(jia)快(kuai)光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費結算(suan)流程(cheng)，確(que)保發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用戶(hu)在(zai)結算(suan)周期內第一(yi)時間獲得收益。

4強化運維管理

（1）規范(fan)光(guang)伏(fu)用(yong)戶檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)管理(li)。當(dang)前(qian)分布(bu)式光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)主(zhu)要為家庭式光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)和村級(ji)(ji)光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)，位置相(xiang)對分散，為有效對所有并(bing)網分布(bu)式光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)運(yun)維管理(li)，供電企業(ye)應持續建立(li)和完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)光(guang)伏(fu)用(yong)戶檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)。針對家庭式光(guang)伏(fu)，由(you)(you)各供電區(qu)域內建檔(dang)(dang)保存，相(xiang)關客戶經(jing)理(li)定期跟蹤更新。針對于村級(ji)(ji)光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)，完(wan)(wan)(wan)整的檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)資料(liao)是做好(hao)服務工作(zuo)的前(qian)提和基(ji)礎，因此(ci)必須(xu)做好(hao)光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)的項(xiang)目備案(an)(an)、資格審查、四方確(que)認表等(deng)基(ji)礎資料(liao)完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)，由(you)(you)縣級(ji)(ji)供電企業(ye)相(xiang)關部門妥善(shan)(shan)留檔(dang)(dang)保存。

（2）跟蹤落實光伏扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)效益。針對享(xiang)受(shou)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)政策的村級光伏扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，在(zai)做好前期并(bing)網服務工作的基礎之上，要強化(hua)后期光伏電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)發電(dian)效益和政策補貼(tie)落實。以安徽省東(dong)至縣(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)例，目前全縣(xian)(xian)范圍內(nei)共建成并(bing)網村級光伏扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)10個，其中7個為(wei)(wei)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)項目，3個因政策變化(hua)，未能及(ji)(ji)時(shi)納入扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)項目，無法享(xiang)受(shou)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)電(dian)價。供(gong)電(dian)企(qi)業及(ji)(ji)時(shi)走訪客戶并(bing)發放(fang)告知(zhi)單，并(bing)積極與(yu)縣(xian)(xian)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)辦、發改(gai)委(wei)等(deng)相關部門進行溝通協作，匯報并(bing)配合解決有關問題，以期盡早落實貧(pin)(pin)困(kun)補貼(tie)。同時(shi)，供(gong)電(dian)企(qi)業通過營(ying)銷業務系統、用(yong)電(dian)采集系統等(deng)實時(shi)監測手段，對光伏電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)發電(dian)情況進行監測分析(xi)，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)通知(zhi)并(bing)幫扶(fu)光伏電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)處(chu)理異(yi)常狀況，保證光伏電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)發電(dian)效率。

（3）優化(hua)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)后(hou)期(qi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。由于分(fen)布式光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)零(ling)散(san)分(fen)布的(de)(de)特(te)點，目前光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)后(hou)期(qi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)主要是村(cun)集體(ti)自行(xing)(xing)(xing)組(zu)建(jian)的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)隊伍對光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)日(ri)常(chang)(chang)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)(ye)專業(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)開展技(ji)(ji)術(shu)幫扶和(he)光(guang)伏知(zhi)識宣貫。這種運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方式的(de)(de)弊端在(zai)于村(cun)級維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)隊伍缺乏(fa)專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)培訓，只能(neng)解決簡單的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)異常(chang)(chang)，針(zhen)對較為復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)問(wen)題無法(fa)及時(shi)(shi)有效地處理(li)。因此，有必要在(zai)此運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)基(ji)礎之上，利用(yong)微信(xin)平臺定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)發(fa)布電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)知(zhi)識，增(zeng)強貧(pin)(pin)困戶運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)意識。設(she)立村(cun)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)微信(xin)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)群，方便電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)發(fa)生故障(zhang)時(shi)(shi)及時(shi)(shi)交流(liu)。包括(kuo)相(xiang)關扶貧(pin)(pin)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員、村(cun)干部、國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網技(ji)(ji)術(shu)員、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)員、運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員，形(xing)成政府、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)(ye)、建(jian)設(she)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)村(cun)集體(ti)于一體(ti)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)交流(liu)平臺，實(shi)施有效的(de)(de)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。同時(shi)(shi)，制定(ding)(ding)(ding)合理(li)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)工(gong)(gong)和(he)科學的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制度(du)，如生產運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)制度(du)、安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制度(du)、應(ying)急消(xiao)防制度(du)、設(she)備(bei)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)程等，其中生產運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)制度(du)所規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)日(ri)常(chang)(chang)巡檢(jian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)巡檢(jian)和(he)特(te)殊情況下巡檢(jian)，及時(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)握電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)狀態，發(fa)現已經存在(zai)的(de)(de)或潛(qian)在(zai)的(de)(de)問(wen)題，確(que)保光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)正常(chang)(chang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)貫穿(chuan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程，包括(kuo)合理(li)使用(yong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)器具和(he)熟(shu)悉(xi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)操作(zuo)規(gui)范等，以保障(zhang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)設(she)備(bei)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)。

5安科瑞分布式光伏發電監測系統解決方(fang)案(an)

5.1概述

“十四五"期間(jian)，隨著“雙(shuang)碳"目(mu)標(biao)提出(chu)及逐(zhu)步落實，本就呈現出(chu)較好發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)勢頭的(de)分布式(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)望大幅提速。就“十四五"光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)規劃，國家發(fa)改委能源(yuan)研究所可再生能源(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中心副主(zhu)任陶冶表示，“雙(shuang)碳"目(mu)標(biao)意(yi)味著國家產業結構(gou)的(de)調整(zheng)，未來10年，新能源(yuan)裝機將(jiang)保持在(zai)110GW以上的(de)年增(zeng)速，這里面(mian)包含集(ji)中式(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)站(zhan)和(he)分布式(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)站(zhan)。相較于集(ji)中式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)站(zhan)來說，分布式(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)土地等自(zi)然(ran)資源(yuan)沒有(you)(you)依賴，各個地方的(de)屋頂(ding)就是分布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)形(xing)成(cheng)基礎，在(zai)碳中和(he)方案(an)的(de)可選項中，分布式(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏由于其靈(ling)活(huo)性必將(jiang)被大力發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，目(mu)前已有(you)(you)河北、甘肅、安徽、浙江、陜西等9省發(fa)布關于分布式(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏整(zheng)縣推進工作的(de)通知(zhi)。

目前我國的兩(liang)種分(fen)布式應(ying)用(yong)場景分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)：廣大農村屋頂(ding)的戶用(yong)光伏和工商(shang)業企業屋頂(ding)光伏，這兩(liang)類分(fen)布式光伏電站(zhan)今年都發展迅速。

5.2相關標準

根(gen)(gen)據(ju)國家(jia)電(dian)網(wang)Q/GDW1480-2015《分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)源接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)網(wang)技術規定(ding)》：分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)源并(bing)網(wang)電(dian)壓等(deng)級可根(gen)(gen)據(ju)各并(bing)網(wang)點裝機容量進行(xing)初步選擇，如下：8kW及(ji)以下可接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)220V；8kW~400kW可接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)380V；400kW~6000kW可接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)10kV；5000kW~30000kW以上可接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)35kV。最終(zhong)并(bing)網(wang)電(dian)壓等(deng)級應根(gen)(gen)據(ju)電(dian)網(wang)條(tiao)件(jian)，通過(guo)技術經(jing)濟比(bi)選論(lun)證確定(ding)。若(ruo)高低(di)兩級電(dian)壓均具備接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)條(tiao)件(jian)，優(you)先采用低(di)電(dian)壓等(deng)級接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)。

Q/GDW1480-2015《分布式電源(yuan)接入電網技術規定》

GB/T29319-2012《光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)系統接入配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網技術規定》

GB50797-2012《光伏發電站設計規范》

Q/GDW1617-2015《光伏電站接入(ru)電網技術規定(ding)》

JGJ203-2010《民用(yong)建筑太陽(yang)能光伏系統(tong)應用(yong)技術規(gui)范》

5.3解決方案

（1）交流(liu)220V并網

交流220V并網的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電系統多用于居(ju)民屋頂光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電，裝(zhuang)機功率在8kW左右。戶用光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電站今(jin)年發(fa)展非(fei)常迅猛，根據(ju)國家能(neng)源局網站提供的(de)(de)數據(ju)，截至(zhi)2021年6月(yue)底，全國累計納入2021年國家財政(zheng)補貼規模戶用光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)項目裝(zhuang)機容量為586.14萬千瓦，這相當于6個月(yue)在居(ju)民屋頂建造了四(si)分之一個三(san)峽水電站。

部分(fen)小(xiao)型光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)為(wei)自(zi)發自(zi)用，余電(dian)(dian)不上網模式，這種類(lei)型的光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)需要(yao)安裝防逆流保護(hu)裝置，避免(mian)往電(dian)(dian)網輸送電(dian)(dian)能。光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)規模較小(xiao)，而且比較分(fen)散，對于(yu)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的管理者來說，通過云平臺來管理此(ci)類(lei)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)非常有必要(yao)，安科(ke)瑞在這類(lei)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)提供的解決方案包括以(yi)下方面：

（2）交流380V并網

根據國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)Q/GDW1480-2015《分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)技術規定(ding)》，8kW~400kW可380V并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，這類(lei)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光伏多為工(gong)商業(ye)企業(ye)屋頂光伏，自發自用(yong)(yong)，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)。分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光伏接入(ru)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)前，應明(ming)確計(ji)(ji)量點，計(ji)(ji)量點設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)除應考(kao)慮產(chan)權(quan)分(fen)界點外，還應考(kao)慮分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)出口與用(yong)(yong)戶自用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)處。每個(ge)計(ji)(ji)量點均應裝設(she)(she)雙向電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)計(ji)(ji)量裝置(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)設(she)(she)備配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)和技術要(yao)求符合DL/T448的相關規定(ding)，以及相關標(biao)準、規程要(yao)求。電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)表采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)表，技術性能(neng)(neng)(neng)應滿(man)足國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公司(si)關于智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)表的相關標(biao)準。用(yong)(yong)于結算和考(kao)核的分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)計(ji)(ji)量裝置(zhi)(zhi)，應安裝采(cai)(cai)集設(she)(she)備，接入(ru)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)息采(cai)(cai)集系統，實現用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)息的遠程自動采(cai)(cai)集。

光(guang)伏(fu)陣列接入(ru)組(zu)串式光(guang)伏(fu)逆(ni)變(bian)器，或者(zhe)通(tong)過(guo)匯流箱(xiang)接入(ru)逆(ni)變(bian)器，然后接入(ru)企(qi)業380V電(dian)(dian)網(wang)，實(shi)現自(zi)發(fa)自(zi)用(yong)，余電(dian)(dian)上網(wang)。在380V并網(wang)點(dian)前需(xu)要安(an)(an)裝計量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)表(biao)用(yong)于計量(liang)(liang)(liang)光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，同時在企(qi)業電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)公共電(dian)(dian)網(wang)連接處也需(xu)要安(an)(an)裝雙向(xiang)計量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)表(biao)，用(yong)于計量(liang)(liang)(liang)企(qi)業上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，數據均應(ying)上傳供電(dian)(dian)部門用(yong)電(dian)(dian)信息(xi)采(cai)集系統，用(yong)于光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)補貼(tie)和(he)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)結算。

部分(fen)光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)并網(wang)點(dian)需要監測并網(wang)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量，包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源頻率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的大小、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不平(ping)衡、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)驟升/驟降/中斷、快速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)化、諧波/間諧波THD、閃變(bian)等(deng)，需要安(an)裝單獨的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量監測裝置。部分(fen)光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為自發自用(yong)，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不上網(wang)模式，這種類型的光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)需要安(an)裝防逆流保護裝置，避免往電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。

這種并網模(mo)式單體光(guang)伏電(dian)站規模(mo)適中，可通過云平臺采用光(guang)伏發電(dian)數(shu)據和(he)儲能系統運行數(shu)據，安科瑞在(zai)這類光(guang)伏電(dian)站提供的(de)解決方(fang)案包括以下方(fang)面(mian)：

（3）10kV或35kV并網(wang)

根據《國家能(neng)源局關于(yu)2019年風電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目建設有關事項(xiang)通知》（國發(fa)(fa)新能(neng)〔2019〕49號），對于(yu)需要(yao)(yao)國家補貼的(de)(de)新建工商業分布式(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目，需要(yao)(yao)滿足(zu)單點并網(wang)裝機容(rong)量小于(yu)6兆瓦且(qie)為非戶用(yong)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，支持在符合電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運行安(an)全技術要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)前提(ti)下，通過(guo)內(nei)部多點接入配電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統。

此(ci)類分(fen)布式(shi)光伏(fu)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量一般(ban)比較大，需要通(tong)過升壓變壓器升壓后接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)網。由(you)于(yu)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量較大，可能對公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網造(zao)成比較大的干擾(rao)，因此(ci)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)部門(men)對于(yu)此(ci)規模的分(fen)布式(shi)光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站穩控系(xi)統(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量以及(ji)和調度的通(tong)信要求(qiu)都比較高(gao)。

光伏電(dian)(dian)站并網點(dian)需要監測并網點(dian)電(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量(liang)，包括電(dian)(dian)源頻率、電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的大小、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不平衡(heng)、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)驟升/驟降(jiang)/中斷、快速電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變化、諧(xie)波(bo)/間諧(xie)波(bo)THD、閃變等，需要安裝單(dan)獨(du)的電(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量(liang)監測裝置。

上圖為一個1MW分布式光伏電站的示意圖，光伏陣列接入光伏匯流箱，經過直流柜匯流后接入集中式逆變器(直流柜根據情況可不設置)，最后經過升壓變壓器升壓至10kV或35kV后并入中壓電網。由于光伏電站裝機容量比較大，涉及到的保護和測控設備比較多，主要如下表

1. 系統功能設計

安科瑞電(dian)光伏電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)監控軟件(jian)采用(yong)(yong)Acrel-2000Z，是安科瑞電(dian)氣股份有限公(gong)司總(zong)結多(duo)年的開發、實(shi)踐經驗和大量的用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)需求而設計針對(dui)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)配(pei)電(dian)系(xi)統和光伏電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的實(shi)時(shi)監控系(xi)統。

1）軟件運行環境配置

服(fu)務器上安裝Windows7操作系統。

2）光伏電站電力(li)監控軟件架構

軟件采用C/S架構，實時采集光伏電(dian)站電(dian)流、電(dian)壓、日/月/年/累計發電(dian)量和氣象數據(ju)。

3）光(guang)伏電(dian)站電(dian)力監控軟件功能

對光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)整體信息進(jin)行監控(kong)，采用圖(tu)形和數據的(de)形式實(shi)時動態地展現電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)概況、電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)實(shi)時發電(dian)(dian)(dian)及發電(dian)(dian)(dian)統計信息。包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)概括(kuo)、環(huan)境參數、實(shi)時信息、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)統計及發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)信息

通過主界面可以(yi)對(dui)光伏陣列現(xian)場環境進行(xing)實時(shi)監測與(yu)顯示(shi)，如室外溫(wen)度值(zhi)、風速、風向、光照強度等。

a）通過對電(dian)(dian)站內一次(ci)及(ji)二次(ci)配電(dian)(dian)網絡狀(zhuang)態的(de)監控，了解電(dian)(dian)站內各電(dian)(dian)氣設備的(de)運行情況及(ji)狀(zhuang)態，并(bing)對電(dian)(dian)站的(de)并(bing)網狀(zhuang)態、有/無功(gong)功(gong)率流向情況等(deng)進行實時監控。

b）光伏組件分布監控

能(neng)夠根據微逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)反應的數(shu)據顯(xian)示各組(zu)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板的工(gong)作狀(zhuang)態（是否正常發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)），根據組(zu)串式(shi)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器顯(xian)示各光(guang)伏組(zu)串輸出功率，分別計量(liang)(liang)兩種(zhong)兩種(zhong)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)方式(shi)的發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)日(ri)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)、日(ri)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)曲線、月發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)柱狀(zhuang)圖、年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)柱狀(zhuang)圖等，并(bing)對(dui)這兩種(zhong)方式(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)進行對(dui)比。

c）逆變器監控

組串(chuan)式逆變器主(zhu)要監測指標包括(kuo)：

直流電(dian)(dian)壓、直流電(dian)(dian)流、直流功(gong)率

交流電壓、交流電流

逆變器內溫度、時鐘

頻率、功率因數、當前發電功率

日(ri)發電量(liang)(liang)、累積發電量(liang)(liang)、累積CO2減(jian)排量(liang)(liang)

電網電壓過高、電網電壓過低

電網(wang)頻率(lv)過高、電網(wang)頻率(lv)過低(di)

直流電壓過高、直流電壓過低

逆變器過載、逆變器過熱、逆變器短路

散熱器過熱

逆變器孤島

DSP故(gu)障(zhang)、通訊故(gu)障(zhang)等。

監(jian)控系統可繪(hui)制顯示逆變器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓—時(shi)間曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)、功(gong)率(lv)—時(shi)間曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)等(deng)，直(zhi)流側(ce)輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流實時(shi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)、交流側(ce)逆變輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)，并采集與顯示各逆變器(qi)日發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)參量(liang)；

d）交流匯流箱監控

交流匯流箱主(zhu)要監測指標包括：

光伏(fu)組串(chuan)輸出(chu)直流(liu)電壓、輸出(chu)直流(liu)電流(liu)、輸出(chu)直流(liu)功率

各路(lu)輸入(ru)總發電(dian)功率(lv)、總發電(dian)量

匯流(liu)(liu)箱輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、匯流(liu)(liu)箱輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓、匯流(liu)(liu)箱輸(shu)出(chu)功率

電流監測允差報警

傳輸電纜/短路故(gu)障(zhang)告(gao)警

空氣開關(guan)狀態、故障信息等

e）交流配電柜監控

交(jiao)流(liu)配(pei)電柜(ju)主要監測指標包(bao)括：

光伏發電(dian)總(zong)輸出有功功率、無功功率

功率因數、電(dian)壓、電(dian)流

斷路器(qi)故障信(xin)息、防雷器(qi)狀態信(xin)息等

f）并網柜監控

通過對并(bing)網(wang)(wang)柜的監(jian)控，計(ji)量(liang)上網(wang)(wang)電(dian)量(liang)、內部用電(dian)量(liang)、電(dian)能質量(liang)、光(guang)伏發電(dian)系統有功(gong)和無(wu)功(gong)輸(shu)出、發電(dian)量(liang)、功(gong)率因(yin)數、并(bing)網(wang)(wang)點(dian)的電(dian)壓和頻率、注(zhu)入系統的電(dian)等參數，計(ji)算碳減排量(liang)，并(bing)折算成標準煤，計(ji)算發電(dian)收益。

g）環境參數監控

環境參數主要監測指標包(bao)括(kuo)：

日照輻射

風速、風向

環境溫度

太陽能電池板溫度等

對比實(shi)際(ji)微(wei)逆或幾種微(wei)逆輸(shu)出指導電(dian)池板(ban)需要清洗等信(xin)息。

h）歷史數據管理

監控系統可針對(dui)光(guang)伏發(fa)電現場的各種(zhong)事件(jian)進(jin)行記錄(lu)，如：通訊采集異常、開關變位、操作記錄(lu)等，時(shi)間(jian)記錄(lu)支持按類型查詢，并可對(dui)越限(xian)報警值進(jin)行更(geng)改設置；

i）日發電趨勢分析

系統提供(gong)了實時曲線(xian)和歷(li)史趨勢兩種曲線(xian)分(fen)析界面(mian)，可以(yi)反(fan)映出每天(tian)24小時內光伏發電(dian)量與該日(ri)(ri)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)強(qiang)度(du)，環境(jing)溫度(du)，風速等的(de)波動情況(kuang)。

j）故障報警

當電池板(ban)長時間輸(shu)出功率偏低(di)進(jin)行故障(zhang)指示，建議運維(wei)人員前往現(xian)場檢查是否有故障(zhang)發(fa)生等；另外(wai)對(dui)于(yu)并網柜部分(fen)的(de)主斷路(lu)器分(fen)合閘狀態進(jin)行監視，當出現(xian)開關變位及時報(bao)警(jing)，提醒運維(wei)人員。

6結語

為(wei)積極推(tui)廣(guang)清潔能源和(he)(he)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)國家電(dian)網公司光伏(fu)(fu)扶貧行動(dong)，針(zhen)對(dui)現有(you)分布(bu)式光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)站實(shi)(shi)際運(yun)行管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)存(cun)在的(de)問題，通過(guo)對(dui)分布(bu)式光伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)前(qian)期(qi)并(bing)網服(fu)(fu)務和(he)(he)后期(qi)光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)站的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)運(yun)維兩方(fang)(fang)面(mian)相(xiang)結合的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)提升，一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)為(wei)廣(guang)大用(yong)戶提供更(geng)好的(de)供電(dian)服(fu)(fu)務和(he)(he)政策(ce)宣傳，有(you)效落(luo)實(shi)(shi)光伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)政策(ce)，保(bao)證(zheng)用(yong)戶及時(shi)了解和(he)(he)享受(shou)光伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)相(xiang)關惠民政策(ce)，另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)通過(guo)組(zu)織專業化運(yun)維人員隊(dui)伍，強化光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)站的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)運(yun)維水平，有(you)效提升并(bing)網光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)站的(de)運(yun)行異常處理(li)(li)效率，保(bao)證(zheng)并(bing)網光伏(fu)(fu)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)效率和(he)(he)補貼收益(yi)。

安科瑞侯文莉