摘要：電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)以無(wu)序充電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式接(jie)入(ru)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)時與網(wang)內(nei)基礎用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)疊加，會形成峰上加峰的(de)現象，不利于配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)穩(wen)定運行(xing)(xing)。針對上述問(wen)題，首先對私家(jia)車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)建(jian)模，采(cai)用(yong)蒙特卡羅抽樣模擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)無(wu)序行(xing)(xing)為(wei)下的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)曲(qu)線(xian)。然后提(ti)出一(yi)種新型的(de)多(duo)時段動(dong)態充電(dian)(dian)(dian)價格機制，引導車(che)主有序充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并以配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)負荷(he)波動(dong)比(bi)較小為(wei)目標函(han)數，優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。比(bi)較后在IEEEE3節點配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)，分別分析(xi)有序和無(wu)序充電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)并網(wang)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)費用(yong)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏移率及網(wang)損，結果表明所提(ti)策略可有效兼(jian)顧用(yong)戶利益(yi)和配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)穩(wen)定運行(xing)(xing)。

關鍵詞：電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)；配電(dian)網；多時段動(dong)態(tai)充電(dian)價格；電(dian)壓偏移；網損

0引言

伴隨(sui)我國(guo)能源結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)整，制(zhi)定(ding)以(yi)(yi)(yi)綠(lv)色新(xin)能源為(wei)(wei)(wei)主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)可(ke)(ke)為(wei)(wei)(wei)推(tui)進國(guo)家(jia)“雙碳"目(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早日(ri)實(shi)現發(fa)揮(hui)積極作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)和(he)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在節能減排方面(mian)有(you)(you)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)勢(shi)，推(tui)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)發(fa)展(zhan)是推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)我國(guo)能源轉型(xing)(xing)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要環節。雖(sui)然電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在為(wei)(wei)(wei)人們出(chu)行(xing)(xing)帶(dai)來了(le)(le)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)便利(li)，但(dan)由于(yu)其(qi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)具(ju)有(you)(you)不確定(ding)性(xing)(xing)，大(da)(da)量(liang)無序(xu)(xu)、隨(sui)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)會對(dui)(dui)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)造(zao)成許多不可(ke)(ke)預知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)面(mian)影(ying)響。因此應(ying)大(da)(da)力推(tui)廣(guang)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理(li)(li)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)兼顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安全、經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)(yi)和(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)利(li)益(yi)(yi)．在解決電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)時如何管控的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)上，已有(you)(you)學者進行(xing)(xing)研究。考慮(lv)到(dao)(dao)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)峰(feng)谷(gu)差(cha)(cha)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)導致變壓器過(guo)(guo)載和(he)產生大(da)(da)量(liang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)損耗(hao)，提出(chu)了(le)(le)一種(zhong)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)進行(xing)(xing)實(shi)時優(you)(you)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策略(lve)(lve)，算例(li)結果表明該(gai)策略(lve)(lve)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)降低網(wang)(wang)(wang)損。針對(dui)(dui)大(da)(da)規模電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)入網(wang)(wang)(wang)現象(xiang)，根據(ju)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)狀態及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求等實(shi)時數據(ju)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)模糊控制(zhi)算法(fa)(fa)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)做(zuo)有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)優(you)(you)化(hua)，有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)避(bi)免了(le)(le)大(da)(da)規模車(che)(che)群入網(wang)(wang)(wang)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)尖峰(feng)問題(ti)。將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)放比較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)容(rong)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)選定(ding)優(you)(you)化(hua)目(mu)標，通過(guo)(guo)競價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)，引導用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)時間(jian)段利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)V2G技術(shu)饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)達到(dao)(dao)“削(xue)峰(feng)填谷(gu)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果。基(ji)于(yu)虛擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，考慮(lv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)系統(tong)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)峰(feng)谷(gu)差(cha)(cha)比較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)經(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)指(zhi)標比較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折舊費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)目(mu)標對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)建模，通過(guo)(guo)仿真(zhen)算例(li)證明了(le)(le)該(gai)策略(lve)(lve)提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)性(xing)(xing)。提出(chu)了(le)(le)一種(zhong)基(ji)于(yu)峰(feng)谷(gu)分(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)背景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，考慮(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)隨(sui)機性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略(lve)(lve)，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)在負(fu)(fu)荷(he)高(gao)峰(feng)期(qi)向網(wang)(wang)(wang)饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，負(fu)(fu)荷(he)低谷(gu)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，平滑了(le)(le)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線。以(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)背景(jing)，構建同時考慮(lv)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)繳費情況(kuang)(kuang)和(he)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多目(mu)標優(you)(you)化(hua)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)模型(xing)(xing)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)參與有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理(li)(li)規劃。通過(guo)(guo)算例(li)分(fen)析驗(yan)證了(le)(le)該(gai)方法(fa)(fa)不但(dan)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)減小(xiao)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)谷(gu)差(cha)(cha)，還(huan)能提高(gao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)(yi)。上述文獻(xian)中，學者從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)側(ce)(ce)角度(du)(du)(du)通過(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)(xing)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)或是從(cong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側(ce)(ce)角度(du)(du)(du)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)格引導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)優(you)(you)化(hua)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)來滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)功率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節。前者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)僅(jin)考慮(lv)了(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，沒有(you)(you)調(diao)(diao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主觀意愿(yuan)，實(shi)施推(tui)廣(guang)具(ju)有(you)(you)難度(du)(du)(du)；后(hou)者雖(sui)然利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)格因素很好調(diao)(diao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)了(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)參與性(xing)(xing)，但(dan)現有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)分(fen)區少(shao)，限制(zhi)了(le)(le)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比較(jiao)(jiao)優(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)能性(xing)(xing)。因此本文以(yi)(yi)(yi)私(si)家(jia)車(che)(che)并(bing)入配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)研究對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)，根據(ju)短(duan)期(qi)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)預測為(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎提出(chu)一種(zhong)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多時段動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)策略(lve)(lve)，引導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)繳費、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏移及(ji)(ji)網(wang)(wang)(wang)損情況(kuang)(kuang)加以(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)析后(hou)，驗(yan)證了(le)(le)所提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格機制(zhi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)引導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)兼顧配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)運行(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)利(li)益(yi)(yi)。

1私家車無序模(mo)式充電模(mo)型

本(ben)文從以下4個方面構建電(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)模(mo)型。ａ?電(dian)動汽車(che)電(dian)池特性本(ben)文選用鋰(li)電(dian)池為研究對象。與普通汽車(che)相同，不同類型私家車(che)電(dian)池容量有差(cha)異。

式中(zhong)ｆQ為(wei)私家車鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量的概(gai)率(lv)密度；ｘ表示該時刻的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量大小，一般(ban)取值為(wei)20-30kwh。鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變化過程(cheng)如(ru)圖(tu)1所(suo)示。由(you)于充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)起(qi)始過程(cheng)和結(jie)束(shu)過程(cheng)的時間(jian)非常(chang)短暫(zan)，可(ke)以近似地認為(wei)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)恒功率(lv)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。ｂ?車主日(ri)行駛(shi)里程(cheng)本文引用美國交通部汽車日(ri)出行數據進(jin)行分析(xi)

計算［13］，可知電(dian)動汽(qi)車車主每(mei)日用(yong)車行(xing)駛里程數(shu)的概率(lv)密度(du)函數(shu)為

式中(zhong)：ｆD為車(che)主(zhu)日行駛(shi)里(li)程(cheng)的概(gai)率(lv)密度函數；μD為期(qi)望值；σD為標準差(cha)。ｃ?車(che)主(zhu)比(bi)較(jiao)后歸程(cheng)時刻(ke)假設車(che)主(zhu)每(mei)日結束行程(cheng)時刻(ke)即為電(dian)動汽車(che)每(mei)日開始充電(dian)時刻(ke)，比(bi)較(jiao)后歸程(cheng)概(gai)率(lv)密度函數為

式(shi)中(zhong)：ｆｓ為(wei)(wei)車主比較后規程(cheng)的概(gai)率密(mi)度函(han)數；ｗ為(wei)(wei)回家(jia)時刻(ke)；μｓ為(wei)(wei)期望值(zhi)；σｓ為(wei)(wei)標準差。ｄ?車主離家(jia)時間假設車主每(mei)日用車期間只可放電(dian)不可充電(dian)，出行(xing)開始(shi)時刻(ke)的概(gai)率密(mi)度函(han)數為(wei)(wei)

式中：ｆｅ為車(che)(che)主(zhu)啟程離家的概(gai)率密度函數；ｖ為離家時(shi)刻。結(jie)合用(yong)戶(hu)出(chu)行數據及電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)充電(dian)模型(xing)利(li)用(yong)蒙特(te)卡洛算法，得到500輛電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)的24ｈ無序充電(dian)負荷曲線，如(ru)圖(tu)2所(suo)示。

２多時段動(dong)態電(dian)價(jia)下電(dian)動(dong)汽車有序充電(dian)模(mo)型

2.1多時段動態電價區間(jian)劃分

傳統的(de)(de)分(fen)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)一(yi)旦制定后(hou)其區間(jian)(jian)不再(zai)變(bian)化，但居民的(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)會隨(sui)著季(ji)節(jie)變(bian)化、地(di)域不同和個人舒(shu)適度(du)而改變(bian)，與原分(fen)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)區間(jian)(jian)范圍有(you)偏差，產(chan)生負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)和電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)峰谷不匹配的(de)(de)現象。而電(dian)動汽車的(de)(de)充電(dian)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)在時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)上有(you)很(hen)大隨(sui)機性(xing)，導致實時(shi)(shi)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)制定考慮因(yin)素十(shi)分(fen)復雜。因(yin)此本文根據短期負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)預測為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎提(ti)出(chu)一(yi)種新型的(de)(de)多(duo)時(shi)(shi)段動態電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)策略。目前為(wei)(wei)止，隸(li)屬度(du)函(han)數是(shi)對(dui)傳統用(yong)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)進行(xing)劃(hua)分(fen)的(de)(de)比較(jiao)成熟且通用(yong)性(xing)比較(jiao)廣的(de)(de)方法(fa)。以表1某地(di)區分(fen)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)例，首先基(ji)于(yu)模(mo)糊數學的(de)(de)理論，可將(jiang)每個時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)段認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)一(yi)個獨立的(de)(de)模(mo)糊集合，然后(hou)利(li)用(yong)隸(li)屬度(du)函(han)數構建時(shi)(shi)段內每時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)對(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)隸(li)屬度(du)，并根據隸(li)屬度(du)值將(jiang)其劃(hua)分(fen)到對(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)段［14］。再(zai)將(jiang)短期預測的(de)(de)基(ji)礎負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)劃(hua)分(fen)成多(duo)時(shi)(shi)段，根據每時(shi)(shi)段對(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)值計算相對(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。

式(shi)中(zhong)：Cｍａｘ和Cｍｉｎ分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)分(fen)時(shi)電價(jia)的峰(feng)值(zhi)(zhi)與谷值(zhi)(zhi)；C?為(wei)(wei)每時(shi)段負荷在價(jia)格區間上的映(ying)射。

式中：Cｉ為精準。

2.2電動汽車有(you)序充電策略

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)聚合商(shang)是專(zhuan)門針(zhen)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行資源整合的參與者，其部署的智能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁可提供常(chang)(chang)規(gui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)優化(hua)模式。常(chang)(chang)規(gui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式可將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)至期(qi)望電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量值(zhi)，而優化(hua)模式則需要根據(ju)車(che)(che)主個人用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求輸入結(jie)束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時刻(ke)及(ji)(ji)結(jie)束時刻(ke)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)期(qi)望值(zhi)。車(che)(che)輛接入后，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁將(jiang)獲取該車(che)(che)信息，將(jiang)輸入值(zhi)及(ji)(ji)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的剩(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量反(fan)饋到系統調度中間，對(dui)收集的數(shu)據(ju)進行在線智能(neng)計算，形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計劃。

2.3目標函數

本(ben)文以網內(nei)負荷(he)波動比較小為目(mu)標函(han)數。

式(shi)中(zhong)：F為(wei)目標函數；N為(wei)谷時段數目；Pｉ為(wei)第(di)ｉ個時段配電網(wang)的基礎負荷值。

2.4約束條件

小值和比較大值。

Bu充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)段T約束(shu)Tｓ≤T≤Tｅ（12）式中：Tｓ為車主每日充電(dian)(dian)(dian)開始時(shi)刻；Tｅ為當天充電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)時(shi)刻。ｃ?總電(dian)(dian)(dian)量Ｓ約束(shu)本文(wen)優(you)化中不計電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)損(sun)耗，假設(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量為恒定值。

式中：K為充電(dian)的電(dian)動汽車(che)數(shu)目；Tｃｈｉ為第ｉ輛(liang)車(che)總(zong)充電(dian)時間。

2.5算法求解

傳統的(de)(de)遺(yi)傳算法是一(yi)種(zhong)起源(yuan)于生物進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)規(gui)律(lv)演變的(de)(de)尋(xun)優(you)算法。從任意初始種(zhong)群(qun)開(kai)始，通過(guo)選擇、交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)、變異(yi)等環節(jie)，產生一(yi)些對環境適(shi)應(ying)度高的(de)(de)個體并進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)入搜索空間(jian)中更好的(de)(de)區域(yu)，不斷繁衍(yan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)，比較終得到比較大適(shi)應(ying)度的(de)(de)個體作為(wei)(wei)比較優(you)解輸出。但由(you)于進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程中交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)概率(lv)參(can)(can)數及變異(yi)概率(lv)參(can)(can)數為(wei)(wei)定值，忽略了(le)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程中種(zhong)群(qun)的(de)(de)自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)特(te)性，存在過(guo)早(zao)收斂的(de)(de)缺陷。且算法沒(mei)有保(bao)留(liu)精英機制(zhi)，適(shi)應(ying)度高的(de)(de)個體可能在進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)中丟失好的(de)(de)基因。為(wei)(wei)了(le)解決(jue)以上問題(ti)，本文采用(yong)自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)概率(lv)Kｃ和(he)自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)變異(yi)概率(lv)Kｍ以及精英保(bao)留(liu)機制(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行優(you)化(hua)(hua)求解［15］。自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)概率(lv)Kｃ和(he)自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)變異(yi)概率(lv)Kｍ公(gong)式如下(xia)：

式中：K1為(wei)基(ji)礎交叉概率；ｆｍａｘ為(wei)個體(ti)比較(jiao)大適(shi)應(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)；ｆａｖ為(wei)個體(ti)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)值的平均值；fｌ為(wei)每相鄰(lin)交叉個體(ti)中較(jiao)大的適(shi)應(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)。

式中(zhong)：K2為基礎變異概率；ｆｉ為第I代進化(hua)的閾值(zhi)，公(gong)式如下：

式(shi)中：ｆｉI為第ｉ個(ge)個(ge)體；Kｅｅｐ＝1，則精英(ying)保(bao)(bao)留，Kｅｅｐ＝0，則不保(bao)(bao)留。優(you)化過程如圖4。

3算例仿真與分析

3.1仿真場景設定

本文仿(fang)真過程選擇(ze)在IEEE33節(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)配電(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)(zhong)進行，其(qi)拓撲(pu)如圖(tu)5所示。假設(she)節(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)1為(wei)平衡節(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，即電(dian)(dian)源接入(ru)節(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，余下32個節(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)全部為(wei)PQ節(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。假設(she)整個配電(dian)(dian)網系統中(zhong)(zhong)含基(ji)礎負荷以(yi)(yi)及1500輛電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)，車(che)群(qun)被均(jun)勻分配到節(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)19,23和26中(zhong)(zhong)。以(yi)(yi)私家車(che)比亞迪E1車(che)型(xing)作為(wei)研究對象，規定(ding)每輛電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)動力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)規格相(xiang)同，參(can)數為(wei)：220V，16Ａ慢充(chong)模式(shi)，限(xian)制(zhi)容量為(wei)35KWH，3.52KWH恒功(gong)率充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)效率為(wei)0.82，轉換(huan)效率為(wei)0.90

3.2對用電負荷的分(fen)析

電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)以(yi)不(bu)同方式(shi)充電(dian)的(de)負荷曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)及配電(dian)網(wang)總負荷曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)如圖(tu)6、圖(tu)7所示。由圖(tu)6和圖(tu)7可知(zhi)，通過動(dong)態價格的(de)引導，電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)充電(dian)行為趨于(yu)有序化，車(che)主對充電(dian)時間(jian)段的(de)選擇逐漸(jian)向夜(ye)間(jian)轉移，負荷峰(feng)值水平(ping)(ping)大(da)幅度下降，說明新型電(dian)價的(de)提出可以(yi)使(shi)車(che)主的(de)用(yong)電(dian)行為不(bu)再大(da)面積(ji)集中，系統總用(yong)電(dian)負荷曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)相對變得平(ping)(ping)緩，有削(xue)峰(feng)填谷的(de)效果。

由表2可(ke)知(zhi)，無序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)車主(zhu)日(ri)繳(jiao)納電(dian)(dian)費為21880.8元，基于(yu)多時段動態電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的有序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)日(ri)繳(jiao)費為17248.80元，比無序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)費用降低了21.17％。因此新電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)的提出可(ke)有效降低車主(zhu)充電(dian)(dian)成本。

3.3對配電網影響分析(xi)

將(jiang)ＩＥＥＥ３３節(jie)點配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)模型的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)點負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)參數和優化后的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)數據導入(ru)ＭＡＴＬＡＢ軟件語言編程，對比(bi)以下(xia)３種場(chang)景下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏移(yi)及網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)(sun)。場(chang)景1：配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內未接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)。場(chang)景2：配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內接(jie)入(ru)無(wu)(wu)(wu)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)。場(chang)景3：配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內接(jie)入(ru)有(you)(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)。圖8表示(shi)部分(fen)(fen)時段下(xia)3種用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)(sun)率(lv)。可(ke)(ke)見18.00-24.00由于無(wu)(wu)(wu)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)入(ru)使得網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)(sun)明顯升高(gao)(gao)。原因是車(che)主歸(gui)程后的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為(wei)與用戶基礎(chu)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致性(xing)導致網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)激(ji)增。09.00-21.00時，對比(bi)接(jie)入(ru)無(wu)(wu)(wu)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)和有(you)(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)，后者可(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)效(xiao)降低配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)(sun)，尤其在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)峰時段21.00網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)(sun)率(lv)下(xia)降了2.77％，效(xiao)果(guo)比(bi)較顯著。說(shuo)明多時段分(fen)(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)提出引(yin)導車(che)主有(you)(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對調節(jie)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)(sun)具有(you)(you)一(yi)定效(xiao)果(guo)。

由(you)圖(tu)9可知(zhi)，場景1配(pei)電網未接入充電負(fu)(fu)荷(he)時的(de)電壓(ya)偏移(yi)都控制在±7％以內，縱橫對比沒有(you)發現嚴重的(de)電壓(ya)偏移(yi)現象，但(dan)是節點(dian)18和19在20.00-21.00時間(jian)段上(shang)有(you)局部節點(dian)處在越限邊界(jie)。由(you)圖(tu)10可知(zhi)，場景2中(zhong)配(pei)電網內接入無序充電負(fu)(fu)荷(he)時，節點(dian)13-19和28-33在晚間(jian)出現電壓(ya)越限情(qing)況，原因是無序充電負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的(de)高峰(feng)期恰(qia)巧與網內基礎(chu)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)用(yong)電的(de)高峰(feng)期時段相(xiang)疊。

圖11表(biao)示(shi)場景3下配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內接入有(you)(you)序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷時各個節點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)偏移情(qing)況。與(yu)圖9和(he)圖10對比可知，有(you)(you)序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷的(de)接入使(shi)局部(bu)節點(dian)越限現(xian)象得(de)到緩解，偏移的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回歸(gui)到正(zheng)常標準范圍(wei)內。說明所提出(chu)的(de)新(xin)型動(dong)態分時電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)可以通(tong)過對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)序化(hua)管理來改善配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏移現(xian)象。

由于大(da)量負(fu)荷突然(ran)接入使各節點電(dian)壓發生偏(pian)移現象，因此對比較大(da)負(fu)載量時刻（21.00）各節點電(dian)壓偏(pian)移情(qing)況(kuang)進行對比更有意義，結果如圖12所示。

由(you)圖12可(ke)知，未接入無(wu)序負(fu)荷時網(wang)內各(ge)節點(dian)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)偏移(yi)都控制(zhi)在±7％范圍以內，電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)無(wu)越限行為。當無(wu)序充電(dian)負(fu)荷并網(wang)后，一部分(fen)節點(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)發生顯(xian)著(zhu)偏移(yi)，且偏移(yi)量(liang)均超過規定標準范圍。而經過多時段(duan)動態電(dian)價策(ce)略調(diao)控的(de)有(you)序充電(dian)行為接入配電(dian)網(wang)后，網(wang)內各(ge)節點(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值還原(yuan)到標準范圍以內，其中變(bian)化比較顯(xian)著(zhu)的(de)18號節點(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)標幺值由(you)0.9467調(diao)整(zheng)到0.9828，電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)偏移(yi)率修正了3.61％。

4安科瑞充(chong)電樁收費運營云平(ping)臺(tai)

4.1概述

AcrelCloud-9000安科瑞充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)柱收費運營(ying)云(yun)平臺系(xi)統(tong)通過(guo)(guo)物聯網技術對(dui)接入系(xi)統(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站以及各個充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)整法行(xing)不間斷地(di)數據采集和監控(kong)，實時監控(kong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)運行(xing)狀態，進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)服(fu)務、支(zhi)付(fu)管理(li)，交易結算，資要管理(li)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)能管理(li)，明細查詢等。同時對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機過(guo)(guo)溫(wen)保護、漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸入/輸出過(guo)(guo)壓，欠壓，絕緣(yuan)低各類故(gu)障進行(xing)預警；充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)支(zhi)持以太網、4G或WIFI等方式接入互聯網，用戶通過(guo)(guo)微信、支(zhi)付(fu)寶，云(yun)閃付(fu)掃碼充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

4.2應用場所

適(shi)用(yong)于民(min)用(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)、一般工業(ye)建(jian)筑(zhu)、居住(zhu)小(xiao)區(qu)、實(shi)業(ye)單位、商業(ye)綜合(he)體、學校、園區(qu)等充電樁(zhuang)模式的充電基礎設(she)施設(she)計。

4.3系統結構

4.3.1系統(tong)分為四層：

1）即數(shu)據采集層(ceng)(ceng)、網絡傳輸層(ceng)(ceng)、數(shu)據中間層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)客戶端層(ceng)(ceng)。

2）數(shu)據采集層：包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶車智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁通訊協議(yi)為標準(zhun)modbus-rtu。電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶車智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁用(yong)于(yu)采集充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力參數(shu)，并(bing)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)計量(liang)和保(bao)護(hu)。

3）網絡傳輸層(ceng)：通過4G網絡將數據上傳至搭建好的(de)數據庫服務(wu)器。

4）數(shu)(shu)(shu)據中間層(ceng)：包含應用服(fu)務(wu)(wu)器和數(shu)(shu)(shu)據服(fu)務(wu)(wu)器，應用服(fu)務(wu)(wu)器部署數(shu)(shu)(shu)據采集服(fu)務(wu)(wu)、WEB網站，數(shu)(shu)(shu)據服(fu)務(wu)(wu)器部署實時數(shu)(shu)(shu)據庫(ku)、歷史數(shu)(shu)(shu)據庫(ku)、基礎數(shu)(shu)(shu)據庫(ku)。

5）應(ying)客戶端(duan)層(ceng)：系統管(guan)理員可在瀏(liu)覽器中訪問電(dian)瓶車充電(dian)樁收費平臺。終端(duan)充電(dian)用戶通過刷卡(ka)掃碼的方式(shi)啟動充電(dian)。

小區充電(dian)平臺功(gong)能主要涵蓋充電(dian)設施智能化大屏、實(shi)時(shi)監控(kong)、交易管理(li)、故(gu)障(zhang)管理(li)、統計分析、基礎數據(ju)管理(li)等功(gong)能，同時(shi)為運維人(ren)員提供運維APP，充電(dian)用戶(hu)提供充電(dian)小程(cheng)序。

4.4安科(ke)瑞充電樁云平臺系統功能

4.4.1智能化(hua)大(da)屏

智(zhi)能化大(da)屏展示站點分布情況，對設備(bei)狀態(tai)、設備(bei)使用率(lv)(lv)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)次(ci)數(shu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)長、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)金額、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)度數(shu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁故(gu)障(zhang)等(deng)進行統計顯示，同時(shi)可查看(kan)每個站點的站點信息、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁列表(biao)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)記錄、收益(yi)、能耗、故(gu)障(zhang)記錄等(deng)。統一管理(li)小區(qu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁，查看(kan)設備(bei)使用率(lv)(lv)，合理(li)分配資源(yuan)。

4.4.2.實(shi)時監控

實時(shi)監(jian)視充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設施運(yun)(yun)行(xing)狀況，主(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)狀態、回路(lu)狀態、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓/電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)告警信息等。

4.4.3交易管理

平(ping)臺管理人員可(ke)管理充(chong)電(dian)用(yong)戶(hu)賬戶(hu)，對其(qi)進行賬戶(hu)進行充(chong)值、退款、凍結(jie)、注銷(xiao)等操作，可(ke)查看小區(qu)用(yong)戶(hu)每日的充(chong)電(dian)交易詳細信息。

4.4.4故障管理

設備(bei)自(zi)動上報(bao)(bao)故障(zhang)信息，平臺管理人(ren)(ren)員可通過平臺查看故障(zhang)信息并進行(xing)派(pai)發處理，同時(shi)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)人(ren)(ren)員可通過運(yun)(yun)維(wei)APP收(shou)取故障(zhang)推(tui)送(song)，運(yun)(yun)維(wei)人(ren)(ren)員在運(yun)(yun)維(wei)工(gong)作(zuo)完成后將結果上報(bao)(bao)。充電(dian)用(yong)戶也可通過充電(dian)小程序反饋現場(chang)問題。

4.4.5統計分析

通過(guo)系統(tong)平(ping)臺，從充(chong)(chong)電站點、充(chong)(chong)電設(she)施、、充(chong)(chong)電時間、充(chong)(chong)電方式等(deng)不同角度，查詢充(chong)(chong)電交(jiao)易統(tong)計(ji)信息(xi)、能耗統(tong)計(ji)信息(xi)等(deng)。

4.4.6基礎數據管理(li)

在系統平臺建立運營商戶，運營商可建立和管理其運營所需站點和充電設施，維護充電設施信息、價格策略、折扣、優惠活動，同時可管理在線卡用戶充值、凍結和解綁。

4.4.7運維APP

面向運(yun)維(wei)人員(yuan)使用，可以對站點和充(chong)電樁(zhuang)進(jin)行(xing)管理、能夠進(jin)行(xing)故(gu)障閉環處理、查詢(xun)流量(liang)卡使用情(qing)況、查詢(xun)充(chong)電\充(chong)值情(qing)況，進(jin)行(xing)遠程參數設置，同時(shi)可接收(shou)故(gu)障推送。

4.4.8充電小程序

面向充(chong)電用戶使用，可查(cha)看(kan)附近(jin)空(kong)閑(xian)設備(bei)，主要包含掃(sao)碼充(chong)電、賬(zhang)戶充(chong)值，充(chong)電卡綁(bang)定、交易(yi)查(cha)詢、故(gu)障申訴等功能(neng)。

4.5系統硬件配置

5結語

本文基于(yu)分時電(dian)價與(yu)短期負(fu)荷預測提出了(le)一(yi)種新型(xing)多時段動態(tai)充電(dian)價格機(ji)制，引導車(che)主(zhu)規(gui)劃用(yong)(yong)車(che)安排，使充電(dian)行(xing)為由無序(xu)變為有序(xu)。建立以(yi)配(pei)電(dian)網內負(fu)荷波動比較小(xiao)為目標(biao)函數，利用(yong)(yong)MATLAB軟件進行(xing)算(suan)法(fa)編程，結(jie)果(guo)表明所提出的(de)多時段動態(tai)電(dian)價策略可減小(xiao)網內的(de)負(fu)荷波動，有明顯的(de)削峰(feng)填谷作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，為車(che)主(zhu)減少21.17％的(de)充電(dian)成本。此外還(huan)有效降(jiang)低了(le)21.00用(yong)(yong)電(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)期2.77％的(de)網損(sun)率并(bing)修(xiu)正18號節點3.61％的(de)電(dian)壓偏移率，實(shi)現(xian)了(le)保證(zheng)車(che)主(zhu)充電(dian)利益與(yu)提高(gao)配(pei)電(dian)網運行(xing)安全的(de)并(bing)存。

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郭帥(shuai)，李家玨，黃旭，等(deng)．含電(dian)動(dong)汽車的電(dian)網負荷結構時序模型(xing)計算方法［J］．東(dong)北電(dian)力技術，2016,37（9）：1-5

《安(an)科瑞企業微電網設計與應用手冊》.2022.05版.

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