摘 要：針對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)在居民小區無序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統產生嚴重隱(yin)患及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間時過長問題，提(ti)出一種(zhong)采用(yong)延遲(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)有(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制策(ce)略(lve)，并在分析國內(nei)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)有(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)研究現狀(zhuang)(zhuang)后，設(she)計了居民小區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)有(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)的(de)(de)總體框架。該策(ce)略(lve)采用(yong)延遲(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)進行有(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制，通(tong)過計算電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)優(you)先級(ji)來確定用(yong)戶(hu)開(kai)始充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時間以保證(zheng)離開(kai)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態，很大程(cheng)度達(da)到用(yong)戶(hu)期(qi)望(wang)(wang)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態。通(tong)過算例(li)仿真(zhen)分析，證(zheng)明提(ti)出的(de)(de)延遲(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)可在滿足用(yong)戶(hu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量期(qi)望(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)同(tong)時達(da)到削峰填谷的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。

關鍵詞：電動(dong)汽車(che)；有序充電；延遲充電；削峰填(tian)谷；儲能

0引言

隨(sui)著(zhu)世界經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)速發(fa)展(zhan)和人類對(dui)能(neng)源(yuan)需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷增長，能(neng)源(yuan)被大量(liang)(liang)消耗，產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)大量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染。機動車(che)(che)(che)輛已經成為生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)活中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一部分(fen)(fen)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)燃油車(che)(che)(che)無疑會增加 CO2的(de)(de)(de)(de)排放。雖然新能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)被越(yue)來越(yue)多地引入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，如光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)。但由于二者的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率輸出是隨(sui)機波(bo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)，會對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統造成影響，產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量(liang)(liang)問題(ti)。因(yin)此，減少燃油車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，從燃油動力(li)汽車(che)(che)(che)轉向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)（Electric Vehicle，EV）是解(jie)決(jue)汽車(che)(che)(che)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)手(shou)段(duan)。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)起(qi)著(zhu)越(yue)來越(yue)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。隨(sui)著(zhu)EV的(de)(de)(de)(de)大規模(mo)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，有(you)(you)序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)及分(fen)(fen)布式能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性日益(yi)增強(qiang)，需要(yao)解(jie)決(jue)EV充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題(ti)。目前針對(dui)EV充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究內容(rong)主要(yao)涉及充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷預測、V2G、EV參與輔助(zhu)服務、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規劃、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站規劃等(deng),也有(you)(you)一些學者對(dui)EV充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分(fen)(fen)層分(fen)(fen)區調(diao)度策(ce)略進行了研究。居(ju)民小區具有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)車(che)(che)(che)規律性強(qiang)、可控性強(qiang)、方便調(diao)研等(deng)優(you)勢，因(yin)此將居(ju)民小區作(zuo)為研究對(dui)象，針對(dui)EV在居(ju)民小區充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中隨(sui)機停放且無序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重隱患及充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)時(shi)過(guo)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，提出一種采用(yong)(yong)(yong)延遲充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)EV有(you)(you)序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制策(ce)略。

1 EV有(you)序充(chong)電策略(lve)

1.1 EV有序充電(dian)控制架構(gou)

EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)將(jiang)(jiang)成為居民區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)需求的(de)重要組(zu)成部分(fen)，需要從配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規劃原(yuan)則(ze)和(he)負荷(he)分(fen)布的(de)影響等方面展開研究。結(jie)合(he)概率收費(fei)模(mo)型和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)消費(fei)數據，在標準中定(ding)義的(de)不同(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率下(xia)，隨機模(mo)擬不受控制(zhi)、限制(zhi)和(he)價格優化的(de) EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生的(de)影響。將(jiang)(jiang)大(da)量EV推(tui)遲至用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)谷時段進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以減小EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對小區(qu)變壓器的(de)沖擊，并(bing)且考(kao)慮到分(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價可減少用戶(hu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)用，提(ti)高經濟性，保證EV與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)協調(diao)互動(dong)發展。EV有序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)架構如圖1所示。

圖1 EV有(you)序充電控制框(kuang)架(jia)

1.2延(yan)遲充電的充電變量定義

EV返(fan)回后(hou)駐(zhu)車(che)時(shi)(shi)長的計算方法為(wei)(wei)(wei) TS = tout - tback，（1）式中(zhong)：TS為(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)戶駐(zhu)車(che)時(shi)(shi)長，h；tout為(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)戶外(wai)出(chu)時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)；tback為(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)戶返(fan)回時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)。EV結(jie)束充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)tover的表達(da)式為(wei)(wei)(wei) tover = tstart + Tcha，（2）式中(zhong)：tstart為(wei)(wei)(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)開始時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)；Tcha為(wei)(wei)(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)長，h。設t時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)共有m輛(liang)EV進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，則EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)總 功(gong)率Pt，EV和(he)功(gong)率Pa.t的表達(da)式為(wei)(wei)(wei) Pt，EV =∑PEV，（3）式中(zhong)：PEV為(wei)(wei)(wei)EV荷電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率。Pa.t = Pmax - Pload - Pt，EV，（4）式中(zhong)：Pmax為(wei)(wei)(wei)功(gong)率限值，kW；Pload為(wei)(wei)(wei)除EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)之外(wai)的日常(chang)負(fu)荷，kW。EVi進行有序充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的優先(xian)級計算方法為(wei)(wei)(wei) γ = 1 - TS - Tcha 24 - Tout ，（5）式中(zhong)：γ為(wei)(wei)(wei)EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)優先(xian)級。

在設計(ji)EV的(de)充(chong)電優(you)先(xian)級(ji)時(shi)，設置當γ=1時(shi)的(de)優(you)先(xian)級(ji)高，EV優(you)先(xian)進行充(chong)電；γ=0 時(shi)的(de)優(you)先(xian)級(ji)較低，EV*后進行充(chong)電。為了(le)讓EV在車(che)主(zhu)離(li)開小區時(shi)處于(yu)滿電狀(zhuang)態，需(xu)要設置車(che)主(zhu)的(de)優(you)先(xian)級(ji)γ=1，確保EV電池(chi)狀(zhuang)態達到滿電狀(zhuang)態。

1.3有序充電策(ce)略(lve)具(ju)體執行方式(shi)

EV有(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)計重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)是對(dui)延遲充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)置，通過(guo)對(dui)滿足條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)EV延遲充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)且不影響用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)期望充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量為基礎，完成對(dui)居民小(xiao)區EV有(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)。當用(yong)戶把 EV連接到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)時，可通過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人機交互界面對(dui)EV的(de)(de)(de)(de)期望荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)、用(yong)戶預計離開時刻進(jin)行(xing)(xing)設(she)定。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)通過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)系統獲得EV的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)信息，并將(jiang)EV的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)信息上(shang)傳至有(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)器，有(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)器獲得各(ge)個EV的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)信息后對(dui)EV的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)控制(zhi)，其實施流程如圖2所示(shi)，具體如下。

圖2采用延遲充電的EV有序(xu)充電流程(cheng)

1. 在t時刻將(jiang)已經充電完(wan)成的EV從計算(suan)充電序列中剔除。

2. 檢(jian)測有無(wu)EV接入(ru)，若(ruo)有則判(pan)斷是否(fou)符合(he)延遲充(chong)電(dian)條件(jian)，若(ruo)無(wu)EV接入(ru)則轉(zhuan)入(ru)步驟(zou)

3. 延遲充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件：EV離開時刻(ke)在谷時段開始之后，且用(yong)戶返回時刻(ke)到*遲充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完成時刻(ke)的時長(chang)大(da)于EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所需時間。若上述延遲充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件均滿足則EV進入有序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)器的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等待序列中，否則立(li)即對(dui)EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以保(bao)證充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)較大(da)程度接近用(yong)戶期待荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

（4）有序充(chong)電(dian)控制中臺采集t時刻該小區實時負荷信息，尋找充(chong)電(dian)等(deng)待序列優先級(ji)EV。

（5）若(ruo)EV充電(dian)(dian)優先級 γ=1，則有序充電(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)器對(dui)充電(dian)(dian)樁下達命令使其對(dui)EV進(jin)行充電(dian)(dian)，若(ruo)充電(dian)(dian)優先級γ≠1，則采用當(dang)日制(zhi)定(ding)的功(gong)率限制(zhi)值計算t時刻功(gong)率裕度判斷功(gong)率裕度是否大于EV充電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率。

（6）若功率裕(yu)(yu)度(du)大(da)于EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功率則對EV進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，記錄開始(shi)(shi)時(shi)間(jian)，計算(suan)結束時(shi)間(jian)，并更新功率裕(yu)(yu)度(du)，繼續尋找本時(shi)刻(ke)(ke)高優(you)先(xian)(xian)級的EV，判(pan)斷(duan)是否可以進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，直到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)優(you)先(xian)(xian)級γ≠1 且功率裕(yu)(yu)度(du)小(xiao)EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功率（判(pan)定優(you)先(xian)(xian)級γ=1的邏輯為：當(dang)EV在(zai)t時(shi)刻(ke)(ke)到(dao)*遲完(wan)成(cheng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)刻(ke)(ke)等于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)所需時(shi)長(chang)時(shi)開始(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)、當(dang)停留時(shi)長(chang)等于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)長(chang)時(shi)開始(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。其(qi)他充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)優(you)先(xian)(xian)γ≠1的車輛均根(gen)據功率裕(yu)(yu)度(du)判(pan)斷(duan)是否進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)）。

（7）判(pan)斷(duan) t時(shi)(shi)刻是否(fou)晚于谷時(shi)(shi)段開始時(shi)(shi)刻，是則(ze)結束循環，控制(zhi)結束，否(fou)則(ze)重新執行(xing)步(bu)驟

為更加(jia)直觀地展現上述過(guo)程，通過(guo)問(wen)卷收集(ji)了15條(tiao)居民(min)小區EV充電數據，見表(biao)1。

表(biao)1 居民(min)小區EV充電數(shu)據

假設該小區(qu)(qu)的峰(feng)谷時(shi)(shi)段為(wei)(wei)21：00至次日08：00。在(zai)不考(kao)慮功率限制、僅滿足優先級但(dan)不具(ju)體根據優先級進行(xing)(xing)有序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的情(qing)況(kuang)下，對上述控(kong)制邏輯進行(xing)(xing)簡單的模擬，結果如圖(tu)3所示，并(bing)與即(ji)充(chong)(chong)即(ji)走的無序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式進行(xing)(xing)對比。圖(tu)3中藍色(se)為(wei)(wei)EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間，紅色(se)為(wei)(wei) EV可(ke)以進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的時(shi)(shi)間。由(you)圖(tu) 3 可(ke)見(jian)：C，G， H，I，J，K，L 號 EV 均可(ke)在(zai)峰(feng)谷時(shi)(shi)進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。但(dan)由(you)于沒有有序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略的幫助，導(dao)致(zhi)原本可(ke)以延遲充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的EV在(zai)到達小區(qu)(qu)時(shi)(shi)就立即(ji)開始(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，導(dao)致(zhi)用電(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)(shi)有大量EV接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)網進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，給(gei)小區(qu)(qu)的變壓器帶來很大的負擔，甚至會(hui)產生安全隱患。

圖3即充即走的無序充電模式

如(ru)果采用(yong)(yong)(yong)有序(xu)充電(dian)策略，如(ru)圖4所(suo)示，21：00前(qian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)高峰(feng)階段進行充電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)EV數(shu)量明顯(xian)減(jian)少，從9輛(liang)減(jian)少為5輛(liang)。同時(shi)，21：00后用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)峰(feng)谷(gu)(gu)時(shi)段的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)EV由(you)3輛(liang)增加至7輛(liang)，顯(xian)著(zhu)降低了(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)高峰(feng)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)器負(fu)荷，同時(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)夜晚用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)谷(gu)(gu)時(shi)段進行充電(dian)，達到了(le)削峰(feng)填谷(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。

2 EV有序充電算例分析(xi)

對提出的EV有(you)序充電策(ce)略(lve)進(jin)行試驗算例分析，并利用仿真結果證明有(you)序充電策(ce)略(lve)的有(you)效性(xing)。

2.1參數設置

為(wei)進行仿真分析，通過(guo)問(wen)卷調查(cha)獲(huo)取(qu)小區EV回到社(she)區的(de)時(shi)間(jian)如圖(tu)(tu)5所(suo)示(shi)。所(suo)采訪(fang)小區的(de)用電負(fu)荷高峰出現在20：00，功率(lv)峰值約900kW，其次為(wei)12：00，功率(lv)峰值約600 kW。EV返回后(hou)電池平均剩余容量為(wei) 50%。通過(guo)問(wen)卷獲(huo)取(qu)EV離開社(she)區的(de)時(shi)間(jian)和EV充滿(man)電所(suo)用時(shi)間(jian)分別如圖(tu)(tu)6及(ji)圖(tu)(tu)7所(suo)示(shi)。

圖5EV 返回(hui)小區時間

圖(tu)6EV 離(li)開小區時間(jian)

圖7 EV 充電時長(chang)

對(dui)用戶充電行(xing)為進行(xing)如下假設。

1. 用戶出行(xing)數據取自圖5—7，共(gong)計(ji)44輛EV，充電樁的配比為1∶1，可(ke)隨(sui)時(shi)接入充電樁，等待有序充電控制器的控制。

（2）充電樁(zhuang)為慢速交流充電裝置(zhi)，充電功率為7kW，谷時(shi)段(duan)為22：00—次日08：00。

（3）EV每(mei)天返回后(hou)均(jun)進行充電，用戶期望駕車離(li)開時EV電池電量(liang)為100%。

（4）變壓器的(de)負荷紅線為1100kW。

2.2仿真結果

利用(yong)提出的(de)(de)EV有序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略對(dui)案例進(jin)行(xing)仿真分析，可得出有序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和無序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波動曲線如圖(tu)8所示。從(cong)有序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和無序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線的(de)(de)波動可以看出，不采用(yong)有序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略，EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處于(yu)大規模無序(xu)(xu)(xu)狀態，且(qie)EV的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)期出現在一天中(zhong)的(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)期到凌晨。此(ci)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網系統(tong)的(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量即為負荷(he)的(de)(de)高峰(feng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網系統(tong)的(de)(de)負荷(he)壓(ya)力也很大。而(er)在有序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)下(xia)，通過合理地(di)安(an)(an)排EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)順(shun)序(xu)(xu)(xu)，可有效(xiao)縮(suo)短EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，并(bing)將原本在用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)期充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)EV安(an)(an)排到其他(ta)時(shi)間(jian)段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全運行(xing)，降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網系統(tong)的(de)(de)負荷(he)壓(ya)力。

圖8 EV有(you)序充電(dian)于(yu)無序充電(dian)負荷對比

為了(le)更直(zhi)觀(guan)地體現有序充電(dian)(dian)的控(kong)制效果(guo)，計算44輛(liang)EV在(zai)無序充電(dian)(dian)充電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)和有序充電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)下的峰(feng)谷差，結果(guo)見(jian)表2。

從(cong)表2無(wu)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和有(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia)負荷(he)數(shu)據(ju)對(dui)比(bi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)： EV數(shu)量相同(tong)的(de)(de)情況下(xia)，有(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)負荷(he)總(zong)峰(feng)(feng)值遠小于無(wu)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)時的(de)(de)總(zong)峰(feng)(feng)值，且無(wu)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)已經超過負荷(he)的(de)(de)紅線(xian)（1100kW），而有(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以保證負荷(he)的(de)(de)穩(wen)定性；從(cong)負荷(he)的(de)(de)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)差(cha)(cha)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以看出(chu)，有(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)差(cha)(cha)僅為無(wu)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)差(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)1/2。可(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)基(ji)于EV延遲(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略可(ke)(ke)(ke)以有(you)(you)(you)效控制EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)安全，并達到(dao)削峰(feng)(feng)填谷(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、錯(cuo)峰(feng)(feng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)，對(dui)EV的(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)積極意義(yi)。

1. 安科瑞充電樁收費運營云平臺

3.1概述

AcrelCloud-9000安科(ke)瑞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)柱收費運營云平臺系統(tong)通過(guo)物聯(lian)網技(ji)術對接(jie)入(ru)系統(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站以及(ji)各(ge)個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)整法行(xing)(xing)不間斷地(di)數據采集和(he)監(jian)控，實時監(jian)控充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁運行(xing)(xing)狀態，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)服務、支(zhi)付管理，交易結算，資要管理、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能管理，明細查詢等。同(tong)時對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)過(guo)溫保(bao)護、漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸入(ru)/輸出過(guo)壓(ya)，欠壓(ya)，絕緣低各(ge)類故障進(jin)行(xing)(xing)預警；充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁支(zhi)持以太(tai)網、4G或WIFI等方式接(jie)入(ru)互聯(lian)網，用戶通過(guo)微信(xin)、支(zhi)付寶，云閃付掃碼充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

3.2應用場所

適用于民用建筑、一般工業(ye)建筑、居住(zhu)小區(qu)、實業(ye)單位、商業(ye)綜合體、學校、園區(qu)等充電(dian)樁模式的(de)充電(dian)基礎設(she)施設(she)計。

3.3系統結構

3.3.1系(xi)統分為四層：

1）即數(shu)據采集層(ceng)、網(wang)絡傳輸層(ceng)、數(shu)據中心(xin)層(ceng)和客戶(hu)端層(ceng)。

2）數據采集(ji)層：包括電(dian)瓶車智(zhi)能充(chong)電(dian)樁通訊協議為標準(zhun)modbus-rtu。電(dian)瓶車智(zhi)能充(chong)電(dian)樁用于采集(ji)充(chong)電(dian)回路的電(dian)力參數，并進行電(dian)能計量(liang)和保護(hu)。

3）網(wang)絡傳(chuan)輸層：通過4G網(wang)絡將數據(ju)(ju)上傳(chuan)至搭建好(hao)的數據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)服(fu)務器。

4）數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中心層：包含應(ying)用(yong)服(fu)(fu)務器和(he)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)服(fu)(fu)務器，應(ying)用(yong)服(fu)(fu)務器部署數(shu)(shu)據(ju)采集服(fu)(fu)務、WEB網站(zhan)，數(shu)(shu)據(ju)服(fu)(fu)務器部署實時數(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫(ku)、歷史數(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫(ku)、基(ji)礎數(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫(ku)。

5）應客戶端層：系統管理員可在瀏覽器中訪問電瓶車(che)充(chong)電樁收費平臺。終端充(chong)電用戶通過刷(shua)卡掃碼的方式啟動充(chong)電。

小(xiao)區充電(dian)平臺(tai)功能主要涵(han)蓋充電(dian)設施(shi)智能化大屏、實時監控(kong)、交易管理(li)、故障管理(li)、統計分析、基礎數(shu)據管理(li)等功能，同時為運(yun)維(wei)人員(yuan)提(ti)供(gong)運(yun)維(wei)APP，充電(dian)用(yong)戶提(ti)供(gong)充電(dian)小(xiao)程序。

3.4安科瑞充電樁云平臺系(xi)統(tong)功能

3.4.1智能(neng)化大屏(ping)

智能(neng)化大屏(ping)展示站點(dian)分布情況，對設(she)備(bei)狀態、設(she)備(bei)使(shi)用率(lv)、充電(dian)次數、充電(dian)時長、充電(dian)金(jin)額、充電(dian)度數、充電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)故(gu)障等進行(xing)統計(ji)顯(xian)示，同時可查(cha)看每個站點(dian)的站點(dian)信息、充電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)列表、充電(dian)記(ji)錄(lu)等。統一管理(li)小(xiao)區充電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，查(cha)看設(she)備(bei)使(shi)用率(lv)，合理(li)分配資(zi)源(yuan)。

3.4.2.實(shi)時監(jian)控

實時監視充電設施運行狀況，主要包括充電樁運行狀態、回路狀態、充電過程中的充電電量、充電電壓/電流，充電樁告警信息等。

3.4.3交易管理

平臺管理人員可管理充電用戶賬戶，對其進行賬戶進行充值、退款、凍結、注銷等操作，可查看小區用戶每日的充電交易詳細信息。3.4.4故障管理

設備自動(dong)上報故障信(xin)息(xi)，平臺管理人員可(ke)通過(guo)平臺查看故障信(xin)息(xi)并(bing)進行派發處理，同時運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)人員可(ke)通過(guo)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)APP收取故障推送，運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)人員在運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)工(gong)作完成后將(jiang)結果(guo)上報。充電(dian)用戶也(ye)可(ke)通過(guo)充電(dian)小程序反饋現(xian)場問題(ti)。

3.4.5統計分析

通(tong)過(guo)系統(tong)平臺，從充(chong)電(dian)站點、充(chong)電(dian)設施、充(chong)電(dian)時間、充(chong)電(dian)方式等不同角度，查詢充(chong)電(dian)交易統(tong)計信息、能耗統(tong)計信息等。

3.4.6基礎數據(ju)管理

在系統平臺建立運營商戶，運營商可建立和管理其運營所需站點和充電設施，維護充電設施信息、價格策略、折扣、優惠活動，同時可管理在線卡用戶充值、凍結和解綁。

3.4.7運維(wei)APP

面向運維人員使用(yong)，可(ke)以(yi)對站點(dian)和充(chong)電樁進(jin)行管(guan)理、能(neng)夠進(jin)行故(gu)(gu)障閉環處理、查(cha)詢流量卡使用(yong)情況、查(cha)詢充(chong)電\充(chong)值情況，進(jin)行遠(yuan)程參數(shu)設(she)置(zhi)，同時可(ke)接收故(gu)(gu)障推送。

3.4.8充電小程序

面(mian)向充(chong)電(dian)用戶(hu)使用，可查看附近空(kong)閑設備，主(zhu)要(yao)包含掃碼充(chong)電(dian)、賬戶(hu)充(chong)值(zhi)，充(chong)電(dian)卡(ka)綁定、交易查詢、故障申訴(su)等功能(neng)。

3.5系統硬件配置

4結束語

EV的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)周(zhou)期與人(ren)們的生活習慣密切相(xiang)關。隨著全國(guo)EV保有(you)量(liang)逐(zhu)年增(zeng)多(duo)，EV大量(liang)無(wu)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的 充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模式將對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網產(chan)生較大的影響，因此有(you)必要(yao)對居民(min)區(qu)的EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行合理(li)規劃，提出合理(li)的家用EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略，確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)網充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)域的安(an)全穩定(ding)運行。

1. 從EV充電(dian)(dian)的選擇策略著(zhu)手進行研究，介(jie)紹了(le)E有序充電(dian)(dian)的基礎理論，分析了(le)大規模 EV充電(dian)(dian)過程中遇到(dao)的問題。

2. 介紹了(le)EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策(ce)略的(de)(de)理論基(ji)礎，對(dui)EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)模式進(jin)行了(le)分析，然后針對(dui)居(ju)民小區充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式提出了(le)一(yi)種基(ji)于延(yan)遲充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)EV有序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策(ce)略，并對(dui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策(ce)略的(de)(de)總體框架進(jin)行了(le)分析。

3. 以實際居民(min)小區(qu)EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)為例進(jin)行仿(fang)真分析，證明(ming)了(le)本文提出(chu)的(de)EV有(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略(lve)的(de)方法(fa)能(neng) 夠實現EV有(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，并有(you)(you)效(xiao)降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)峰(feng)值，達到(dao)削峰(feng)填谷、錯峰(feng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)目的(de)，表明(ming)提出(chu)的(de)有(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略(lve)方法(fa)設計(ji)的(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)性。

參考文獻

［1］葛磊蛟，崔慶雪，李(li)明瑋，等.風光波動性電(dian)源電(dian)解(jie)水制氫技術綜(zong)述［J］.綜(zong)合智慧能(neng)源，2022，44（5）：1-14. GE Leijiao，CUI Qingxue，LI Mingwei，et al.Review on water electrolysis for hydrogen production powered by fluctuating wind power and PV ［J］.Integrated Intelligent Energy，2022， 44（5）：1-14.

［2］李(li)景(jing)麗，時永(yong)凱，張(zhang)琳(lin)娟(juan)，等(deng).考慮電(dian)動(dong)汽車有序充電(dian)的(de)光(guang)儲(chu)(chu)充電(dian)站儲(chu)(chu)能容量(liang)優化策(ce)略［J］. 電(dian)力系統(tong)保護與控制， 2021，49（7）：94-102. LI Jingli，SHI Yongkai，ZHANG Linjuan，et al.Optimization strategy for the energy storage capacity of a charging station with photovoltaic and energy storage considering orderly charging of electric vehicles ［J］. Power System Protection and Control，2021，49（7）：94-102.

［3］賀(he)瑜環(huan)，楊秀媛(yuan)，陳麒(qi)宇，等.電動汽車智(zhi)能充放電控制與應用綜述(shu)［J］.發電技術(shu)，2021，42（2）：180-192. HE Yuhuan，YANG Xiuyuan，CHEN Qiyu，et al.Review of intelligent charging and discharging control and application of electric vehicles ［J］.Power Generation Technology，2021， 42（2）：180-192.

［4］JU X.A new AC charging system with orderly charging for electric vehicles ［C］//2013 5th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications （PESA）.IEEE， 2013：1-4.

［5］唐菁敏，王(wang)杰，劉思淼 .含電動汽(qi)車參與的微電網調度策略研究(jiu)［J］.電力科(ke)學與工(gong)程，2021，37（2）：25-31. TANG Jingmin，WANG Jie，LIU Simiao. Research on dispatching strategy of microgrid with electric vehicle ［J］. Electric Power Science and Engineering，2021，37（2）：25-31.

［6］謝子(zi)殿，陳男，孫曉東 .精英(ying)遺傳算(suan)法的電(dian)動汽(qi)車有序充電(dian)策略(lve)［J］.黑龍江科技大學學報(bao)，2021，31（1）：105-109. XIE Zidian，CHEN Nan，SUN Xiaodong. Orderly charging strategy of electric vehicle based on ESGA ［J］.Journal of Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology，2021，31 （1）：105-109.

［7］GE L，LIU H，YAN J，et al.Optimal integrated energy system planning with DG uncertainty affine model and carbon emissions charges ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy，2021，13（2）：905-918.

［8］江(jiang)明，許(xu)慶強，季振亞 .基于(yu)時序差分(fen)學習的充(chong)電站有序充(chong)電方法(fa)［J］.電力工程技術，2021，40（1）：181-187. JIANG Ming，XU Qingqiang，JI Zhenya. Coordinated charging approach for charging stations based on temporal difference learning ［J］. Electric Power Engineering Technology，2021，40（1）：181-187.

［9］董偉(wei)杰.崔全勝.郝(hao)瀾欣.王義龍(long).劉國琳(lin).居民小區電動汽(qi)車有序充電策(ce)略(lve)研究

［10］安科(ke)瑞企業微電網設(she)計(ji)與應用手冊.2022.05版.

安科瑞侯文莉